He aha te Kounga o te Hau?

He mea nui te hau ma mō te oranga hauora, engari e ai ki te World Health Organization (WHO), tata ki te 99% o te taupori o te ao e manawa ana i te hau e nui ake ana i ā rātou rohenga mō te parahanga hau. "Ko te kounga o te hau he ine i te nui o ngā mea kei roto i te hau, tae atu ki ngā matūriki me ngā parahanga hau," te kī a Kristina Pistone, he kairangahau i te NASA Ames Research Center. Ka kapi te rangahau a Pistone i ngā wāhanga āhuarangi me te āhuarangi, me te arotahi ki te pānga o ngā matūriki āhuarangi ki te āhuarangi me ngā kapua. "He mea nui kia mārama ki te kounga o te hau nā te mea ka pā ki tō hauora me te pai o tō oranga me te whakahaere i tō rā," te kī a Pistone. I noho tahi mātou me Pistone ki te ako atu mō te kounga o te hau me te pēhea e pā ai ki te hauora tangata me te taiao.

He aha ngā mea e hanga ana i te kounga o te hau?
E ono ngā parahanga hau matua e whakahaeretia ana e te Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i te Hononga o Amerika: ngā matūriki (PM), ngā waikura hauota, te ozone, ngā waikura whanariki, te hauota waro, me te mata. I ahu mai ēnei parahanga i ngā pūtake taiao, pērā i te matūriki e piki ake ana ki te āhuarangi mai i ngā ahi me te puehu koraha, i ngā mahi a te tangata rānei, pērā i te ozone i puta mai i te hihi o te rā e tauhohe ana ki ngā tukunga waka.

He aha te hiranga o te kounga o te hau?
Ka pā te kounga o te hau ki te hauora me te kounga o te oranga. "Pērā i te hiahia ki te horomi wai, me manawa hoki tātou ki te hau," te kī a Pistone. "Kua tae mai tātou ki te tumanako ki te wai ma nā te mea e mārama ana tātou me whai wai tātou hei oranga me te hauora, ā, me tumanako tātou ki te wai ma."

Kua honoa te kounga hau kino ki ngā pānga o te pūnaha manawa me te pūnaha manawa o te tangata. Hei tauira, ko te pānga poto ki te hauota hauhā (NO2) ka puta ai ngā tohumate manawa pēnei i te maremare me te wheezing, ā, ko te pānga roa ka piki ake te mōrearea o te whakawhanake i ngā mate manawa pēnei i te mate huango, i ngā mate manawa rānei. Ka taea e te pānga ki te ozone te whakararuraru i ngā pukahukahu me te kino i ngā ara manawa. Ko te pānga ki te PM2.5 (ngā matūriki 2.5 maikoromita te rahi, iti iho rānei) ka puta ai te riri o ngā pukahukahu, ā, kua honoa ki ngā mate manawa me ngā mate pukahukahu.

Haunga ōna pānga ki te hauora o te tangata, ka taea e te kounga iti o te hau te whakakino i te taiao, te whakapoke i ngā wai mā te waikawa me te eutrophication. Ka patua e ēnei tukanga ngā tipu, ka whakaiti i ngā matūkai o te oneone, ā, ka whara hoki i ngā kararehe.

Te Ine i te Kounga o te Hau: te Taupū Kounga o te Hau (AQI)
He rite te kounga o te hau ki te rangi; ka taea te huri tere, ahakoa i roto i ngā haora torutoru. Hei ine me te tuku pūrongo mō te kounga o te hau, ka whakamahia e te EPA te United States Air Quality Index (AQI). Ka tatauhia te AQI mā te ine i ia o ngā poke hau matua e ono i runga i te tauine mai i te "Pai" ki te "Mōrearea," hei whakaputa i te uara tau AQI whakakotahi 0-500.

"I te nuinga o te wā, ina kōrero tātou mō te kounga o te hau, e kī ana tātou kei reira ētahi mea i roto i te āhuarangi e mōhio ana tātou kāore e pai mō te tangata kia manawa tonu," te kī a Pistone. "Nō reira, kia pai ai te kounga o te hau, me noho koe i raro i tētahi paepae parahanga." He rerekē ngā paepae e whakamahia ana e ngā rohe huri noa i te ao mō te kounga o te hau "pai", e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā parahanga e inehia ana e tā rātou pūnaha. I roto i te pūnaha a te EPA, ko te uara AQI o te 50, iti iho rānei, e kiia ana he pai, ko te 51-100 e kiia ana he taurite. Ko te uara AQI i waenga i te 100 me te 150 e kiia ana he kino ki te hauora mō ngā rōpū tairongo, ā, ko ngā uara teitei ake he kino ki te katoa; ka tukuna he whakatūpato hauora ina tae te AQI ki te 200. Ko te uara neke atu i te 300 e kiia ana he morearea, ā, he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki te parahanga matūriki mai i ngā ngahere ahi.

Ngā Hua Rangahau me ngā Raraunga Kounga Āhuarangi o NASA
He rauemi nui ngā pūoko kounga hau mō te hopu raraunga kounga hau i te taumata ā-rohe.
I te tau 2022, i whakatinanahia e te Trace Gas GRoup (TGGR) i te NASA Ames Research Center te Hangarau Pūoko Whatunga Utu iti mō te Tūhura i te Parahanga, arā, te INSTEP: he whatunga hou o ngā pūoko kounga hau iti te utu e ine ana i ngā momo parahanga. Kei te hopu ēnei pūoko i ngā raraunga kounga hau i ētahi wāhi i California, Colorado, me Mongolia, ā, kua kitea he pai mō te aroturuki i te kounga hau i te wā ahi o California.

I te tau 2024, i whakauruhia e te kaupapa Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) ngā raraunga pūoko mai i ngā waka rererangi, ngā amiorangi, me ngā papaaho whenua hei aromatawai i te kounga o te hau i runga i ētahi whenua o Āhia. Ko ngā raraunga i kohia mai i ngā taputapu maha i runga i ēnei rerenga, pērā i te Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) mai i te NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, ka whakamahia hei whakapai ake i ngā tauira kounga hau hei matapae me te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga kounga hau.

I te tari whānui, he maha ngā amiorangi tirotiro whenua a NASA me ētahi atu hangarau hei hopu me te tuku pūrongo mō te kounga o te hau. I te tau 2023, i whakarewahia e NASA te kaupapa Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), e ine ana i te kounga o te hau me te parahanga puta noa i Amerika Te Raki. Mā te taputapu Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) a NASA ka taea e ngā kaimatapae kounga hau te ine i ngā inenga mai i ngā taputapu NASA maha, i roto i ngā haora e toru o tana tirotiro.

Hei hanga i tētahi taiao kounga hau hauora, ka taea e tātou te aroturuki i ngā raraunga kounga hau i te wā tonu. Ko ngā pūoko e whai ake nei ka taea te ine i ngā tawhā kounga hau rerekē.