I. Ngā Horopaki Taupānga Matua
Ko ngā pūoko kounga wai i Brazil ka whakamahia i roto i ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:
1. Ngā Pūnaha Tuku Wai me te Maimoatanga Wai Para o te Tāone
Akoranga Take: Ko SABESP (Kamupene Parakore Taketake o te Kāwanatanga o São Paulo), te kamupene wai nui rawa atu i Amerika Latina, e whakamahi whānuitia ana i ngā pūoko kounga wai maha-tawhā puta noa i tana whatunga tuku, mai i ngā puna wai ki ngā tipu maimoatanga wai.
Ngā horopaki:
Te Aroturukitanga Wai Pūtake: Te aro turukitanga wā-tūturu o ngā tawhā pēnei i te pH, te hāora rewa (DO), te pōuriuri, te mātotoru o te rimurimu (chlorophyll-a), me ngā whakatūpato cyanobacteria paitini i roto i ngā pūnaha puna wai nui (hei tauira, te Pūnaha Cantareira) hei whakarite i te haumaru o te wai mata.
Whakahaere Tukanga Maimoatanga: Ka whakamahia ngā pūoko i roto i ngā whare maimoatanga hei whakahaere tika i te inenga matū (hei tauira, ngā matū whakakōkī, ngā patu huakita) i roto i ngā tukanga pēnei i te whakakōkī, te whakatōpuku, te tātari, me te patu huakita, hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā utu.
Aroturukitanga Whatunga Tohatoha: Kua whakatūria ngā pūwāhi aroturuki puta noa i te whatunga tohatoha wai nui o te tāone hei aroturuki i te toenga o te hauwai, te paru, me ētahi atu tohu i te wā tonu. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te haumaru o te wai puna i te wā e kawe ana, ā, ka taea hoki te tautuhi tere i ngā tūponotanga poke.
2. Te Aroturuki i te Tukunga Wai Para Ahumahi
Akoranga Take: Te Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) me ngā tari taiao ā-rohe.
Ngā horopaki:
Aroturukitanga Whakatutukitanga: Me tāuta e ngā ahumahi he nui te mōrearea poke (hei tauira, te penupenu me te pepa, te keri, te matū, te tukatuka kai) ngā pūnaha aroturuki parahanga aunoa ipurangi ki ā rātou putanga tukunga. Ka ine tonu ngā pūoko i ngā tawhā pēnei i te Hiahia Hāora Matū (COD), te hauota katoa, te whākawa katoa, ngā konganuku taumaha (hei tauira, te mercury, te mata, e hiahia ana ki ngā pūoko motuhake), te pH, me te tere rere.
Tūranga: Te whakarite kia tutuki ngā tukunga wai para ki ngā paerewa kua whakatakotoria e te Kaunihera ā-Motu mō te Taiao (CONAMA). Mā te tuku raraunga wā-tūturu ki ngā kaiwhakahaere ka āwhina i te aukati i ngā tukunga ture kore, ā, ka whakarato taunakitanga tika hoki mō ngā pirihimana.
3. Te Aroturukitanga i te Parahanga Ahuwhenua Kore-Pūtake
Akoranga Take: Ngā whare rangahau ahuwhenua me te taiao i roto i ngā whenua ahuwhenua nui pēnei i a Mato Grosso.
Ngā horopaki:
Te Aroturukitanga o ngā Rohe Wai: Kua whakatinanahia ngā whatunga pūoko i roto i ngā kokoru awa e nui ana te mahi ahuwhenua hei aroturuki i ngā panonitanga o ngā nitrates, ngā phosphates, te paru, me ngā toenga patu pepeke.
Tūranga: Aromatawai i te pānga o te whakamahinga tongi me ngā patu pepeke ki ngā wai, ako i ngā tauira o te parahanga kore-pūtake, me te whakarato raraunga hei whakamōhio i ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Pai (BMP) me ngā kaupapa here taiao.
4. Te Aroturukitanga Taiao o te Tinana Wai (Awa, Roto, Takutai Moana)
Ngā Akoranga Take:
Rangahau o te Rohe o Amazon: Ka whakamahia e ngā rōpū rangahau o te National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) me ngā whare wānanga ngā pūoko e hangai ana ki te pōito, ki te pūoko rānei e mau ana ki te oko hei aroturuki i te pāmahana wai, te kawe hiko (hei whakatau tata i te kukū o te matū wairewa), te pōuriuri, te hāora wairewa, me ngā rerenga CO2 i roto i te Awa Amazon me ōna manga. He mea nui tēnei mō te ako i ngā huringa wai me te koiora-matū o te ngahere ua nui rawa atu o te ao.
Te Aroturukitanga o te Whakatō Wai i te Takutai Moana: I ngā wai takutai o ngā tāone nui pēnei i a Rio de Janeiro me São Paulo, ka whakamahia ngā pūoko hei aroturuki i te whakatō wai i puta mai i te tukunga paru, hei whakarato whakatūpato mō ngā puāwaitanga rimurimu kino (tai whero) me te tiaki i ngā ahumahi tūruhi me te ahumoana.
Ngā horopaki: Ngā pōito aroturuki pumau, ngā kaipuke aroturuki pūkoro, me ngā pūoko kawe kua whakanohoia ki runga i ngā waka rererangi.
5. Whakatūpato Moata mō ngā Āhuatanga Keri me te Aroturuki i Muri i te Āhuatanga (Tino Hiranga)
Akoranga Take: Koinei tētahi o ngā horopaki tono tino nui, ahakoa he pouri, i Brazil. Whai muri i te pakaru o ngā tāhuna para i Minas Gerais (hei tauira, ko Samarco i te tau 2015 me Vale i ngā āhuatanga kino o te tau 2019), ka noho ko ngā pūoko kounga wai hei taputapu nui.
Ngā horopaki:
Ngā Pūnaha Whakatūpato Moata: Kua tāutahia ngā whatunga pūoko wā-tūturu ki ngā awa i raro iho i ngā tāhuna para hohe hei aroturuki i ngā pikinga ohorere o te paru, ka taea te whakamahi hei tohu whakatūpato moata mō te pakaru o te wai.
Aromatawai me te Aroturuki i te Parahanga: Whai muri i tētahi aituā, ka whakamahia he whatunga whānui o ngā pūoko ki ngā awa e pāngia ana (hei tauira, Rio Doce, Awa Paraopeba) hei aroturuki tonu i te paru, te kukū o ngā konganuku taumaha (hei tauira, te rino, te manganese), me te pH. Mā tēnei ka aromatawai i te horapa, te kaha, me te pānga ā-taiao mō te wā roa o te parahanga, hei ārahi i ngā mahi whakaora.
II. Ngā Tūranga Matua me ngā Painga
I runga i ngā take i runga ake nei, ka taea te whakarāpopoto i te mahi a ngā pūoko kounga wai i Brazil penei:
Te Tiaki i te Hauora Tūmatanui: Ka whakarite i te haumaru o te wai inu mō ngā miriona tāngata o te tāone nui mā te aroturuki i ngā puna wai me ngā whatunga tohatoha i te wā tonu, hei ārai i ngā pakarutanga o ngā mate wai.
Te Tiaki Taiao me te Whakatinanatanga Ture: Ka whakarato i ngā "taunakitanga pakari" mō ngā kaiwhakahaere taiao, ka taea ai te aroturuki whai hua i ngā pūtake parahanga ahumahi me ngā tāone nui, te tiaki i ngā rauropi awa, roto, me te moana, me te āhei hoki ki te mahi arotahi ki ngā tukunga para turekore.
Whakatūpato Moata mō ngā Āhuatanga Kino me te Urupare Āwhati: Ka whakarato i ngā whakatūpato moata nui i roto i ngā rāngai pēnei i te maina, ka hoko i te wā nui mō te whakawātea i ngā hapori i raro i te whenua. Whai muri i tētahi aituā, ka taea e rātou te aromatawai tere i te poke hei ārahi i te urupare āwhati.
Te Whakapai Ake i te Whai Hua o te Whakahaere: Ka āwhina i ngā ratonga wai ki te arotau i ngā tukanga maimoatanga, ka penapena i ngā matū me te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere.
Te Tautoko i te Rangahau Pūtaiao: Te whakarato i ngā raraunga kounga wai auau teitei, roa, tonu, ki ngā kaipūtaiao hei ako i ngā tikanga o ngā rauropi ahurei (pēnei i te Amazon), ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi, me ngā pānga taiao o ngā mahi ahuwhenua.
Te Māramatanga o ngā Raraunga me te Mōhiotanga o te Iwi: Ka whakapuakina ētahi raraunga aroturuki (hei tauira, te kounga o te wai takutai) ki te marea, hei āwhina i te iwi ki te whakatau mēnā ka kaukau, ka hī ika rānei, ā, ka nui ake te māramatanga o te whakahaere rauemi wai.
Whakarāpopototanga
Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko kounga wai, kei te aro nui a Brazil ki ngā wero o ngā rauemi wai: te parahanga mai i te tere o te noho tāone, te mōrearea o ngā aituā ahumahi, te pānga o te whānui o te ahuwhenua, me te kawenga ki te tiaki i ngā taonga tuku iho o te ao. Ko ēnei hangarau te kaupapa matua o tētahi pūnaha whakahaere taiao wai maha-paparanga, whānui hoki—e kapi ana i te "whakatūpato wawe," "aroturuki," "whakatinana," me te "rangahau." Ahakoa kei te mau tonu ngā wero i roto i te whānuitanga o te whakatinanatanga, te whakaurunga raraunga, me te putea, kua whakaatuhia e te whakamahinga mahi he uara nui me te hiahia nui.
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Wā tuku: Hepetema-01-2025