Kupu Whakataki: Te Tūranga Hiranga o ngā Raraunga Ua Tika
Ko ngā raraunga ua tika te tūāpapa o te whakahaere taiao hou me te haumaru tūmatanui. He tūāpapa ēnei mōhiohio mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono nui, mai i te tuku whakatūpato mō ngā aituā waipuke me te whakarite i te whakamakuku ahuwhenua ki te whakamahere me te whakahaere i ngā pūnaha waikeri tāone. I roto i ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana hei kohikohi i ēnei raraunga, ko te Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) tētahi o ngā taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whatunga aroturuki wai me te rangi o te ao.
Ko tōna rongonui i ahu mai i te mātāpono whakahaere māmā, te ngāwari o te whakaputa i tētahi putanga mamati, me tōna mahi pumau, inā koa i ngā wā ua nui. Heoi, he wero kei roto i ngā hoahoa tuku iho ka taea te whakararu i te kounga o ngā raraunga. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te pūtaiao o tētahi TBRG hou e wikitoria ana i ēnei wero, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi matatau me ngā āhuatanga hoahoa mahi hei tuku i tētahi taumata hou o te tika e ahu mai ana i ngā paerewa ahumahi ka taea te manatoko.
1. Te Mārama ki te Pākete Whakatakoto: He Tikanga Matarohia
Ko te kaupapa matua o te Ine Ua Tipping Bucket he tauira huatau mō te huri i tētahi tukanga ā-tinana tonu ki ngā huihuinga motuhake, ka taea te tatau. Ka puta te tukanga i roto i tētahi raupapa mārama:
1.Kohinga:Ka hopukina te wai ua e tētahi pūaha hopu paerewa, he ine nui e whakapūmautia ana te whānui ki te 300mm hei whakarite kia taea te whakataurite i ngā raraunga. Kātahi ka tukuna te wai mā roto i tētahi mata tātari, hei tango i ngā rau me ngā paru, ka tomo ki roto i tētahi awaawa.
2.Ine:Mai i te hāpara, ka rere te wai ki roto i tētahi o ngā rūma peere e rua, taurite, ōrite. Ko tēnei wāhanga matua he hanganga "pūkaha-piko", i hangaia hei huri i runga i te tuaka waku-iti.
3.Te "Tohutohu":Ina kohia te nui o te wai kua tautuhia i roto i te ruma—he nui e rite ana ki te hohonutanga o te ua o te 0.1mm, e ai ki ngā paerewa ahumahi noa—ka ngaro te taurite o te pūnaha peere katoa, ka takahuri hoki nā te taipana ā-papatipu.
4.Te Whakaputa Tohu:I te takahuri o te peere, ka rere atu tētahi aukume iti i tētahi pana wiwi, ka kati ōna hononga o roto, ka puta he pāoro hiko kotahi. Mā tēnei mahi ka whakawāteahia te rūma katoa, me te whakanoho anō hoki i te rūma kau i raro i te hāneanea hei tīmata i te huringa kohikohi e whai ake nei. I roto i ngā hoahoa matatau, ka wehea te aukume mai i te peere ki runga i tētahi "tikanga tātai tatau" motuhake, he āhuatanga mohio e ārai ana i ngā kaha aukume kei pokanoa ki te taipana takahuri o te peere.
I roto i tētahi pūnaha tuku iho, ko ia pāoro hiko e tohu ana i tētahi nui pumau o te ua. Nō reira, ka tatauhia te tapeke o te ua mā te tatau noa i te maha o ngā pāoro i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea.
2. Te Wero mō te Tika: Te Whakakite i ngā Hapa Tūturu
Ahakoa he māmā te mātāpono, he maha ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana e puta ai ngā hapa ine i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu, ā, ka kore e taea e ngā ine tuku iho te whakatutuki i te tika teitei e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tono hou.
Te Raru o te 'Ngaronga Hihiri'
Ko te tino take o te hapa ine, inā koa i te wā ua nui, he āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "ngaronga hihiri". E pā ana tēnei ki te wai ua e ngaro ana i te wā poto—he wāhanga noa iho o te hēkona—kei te neke te pūnaha peere, e hurihuri ana mai i tetahi taha ki tetahi taha. I roto i tēnei whakawhiti, kāore te wai e rere mai ana i te hāpara e hopukina e tētahi o ngā rūma, ā, ka ngaro mai i te ine. He rite tonu tēnei ngaronga ki te kaha o te ua; ko te nui o te ua, ko te tere o ngā pito o te peere, ā, ko te nui ake o te wai e ngaro ana i waenga i ngā pito. Ka taea e tēnei pānga te arahi ki ngā inenga he 5% ki te 10% te iti iho i te ua tuturu i te wā o tētahi tupuhi nui.
Ētahi atu Pūtake Hapa Matua
Haunga te ngaronga hihiri, he maha atu anō ngā āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana ki te koretake o te ine:
•Te Piritanga me te Whakamomona:I te wā ua māmā, i te tīmatanga rānei o tētahi huihuinga, ka piri te wai ki ngā mata o te hāpara me ngā peere. I ngā wā maroke, wera rānei, ka mimiti pea tēnei makuku i mua i te inenga, ā, ka iti ake te pūrongo mō ngā ua iti nei.
•Hapa Tauhiuhinga:Ka taea e ngā pata ua tere-rahi te pā ki te taha o te kaikohi ka pupuhi ki waho, ko ētahi ka pā ki roto o te tauera ka pupuhi anō ki roto i tētahi atu peere, ka puta ai ngā hapa kino me ngā hapa pai.
•Te Taurite Ā-Mīhini me te Whakakore Tohu:Ki te kore te taputapu e tino ōrite, ka kore e ōrite te taipana takahuri mō ia peere, ka puta he hapa pūnaha. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te pānga ā-pūkaha o te pana wiwi te "pekepeke", ka puta he tohu teka maha mai i te pito kotahi. Ka taea e te arorau tango-peke hiko koretake te ngaro i ngā pito tika i te wā ua nui, te tatau rānei i ngā pito takitahi i ngā wā maha.
Te Whakamārama i te Tika: Ngā Paerewa Ahumahi
Kia kiia ai he taputapu pono, me tutuki i te ine ua ngā paearu mahi pakari. Ko ngā paerewa ahumahi, pērā i te HJ/T 175—2005 i Haina, e whakarato ana i tētahi anga tauanga mō te "tino tika." Ko te hapa 5% ki te 10% mai i te ngaronga hihiri he rerekētanga nui ina hiahiatia ana e ēnei paerewa he tika ake. Ko ngā paearu matua ko:
| Tawhā | Whakaritenga Hangarau |
| Te Tīmatanga o te Aroturuki i te Ua | ≤ 0.5 mm |
| Hapa Ine (mō te ua katoa ≤ 10 mm) | ± 0.4 mm |
| Hapa Ine (mō te ua katoa > 10 mm) | ± 4% |
| Taumira Iti rawa | 0.1 mm |
Kāore e taea e te TBRG tuku iho te whakatutuki i ēnei paerewa, inā koa te ātete ki te ±4% i te wā ua nui, me te kore he tikanga whakatikatika atamai.
3. Te Otinga Atamai: Te Whakatutuki i te Tika me ngā Arorau Matatau
Ko te otinga hou mō te raruraru tika kāore e kitea i roto i te whakahoutanga uaua o te mīhini, engari i roto i te pūmanawa atamai e mahi tahi ana me te hoahoa pakari o nāianei. Ka whakatikahia e tēnei huarahi ngā hapa ā-roto mā te tāpiri i tētahi paparanga o te mātauranga matihiko ki te pūnaha mīhini kua whakamātauhia.
Mai i te 'Tatau' ki te 'Whakaahuatanga': Te Mana o te Pākete Te Roanga
Ko te auahatanga matua kei roto i te āhua o te tukatuka a te taputapu i ia pito. Engari i te tatau noa i ngā pāorooro, ka ine tika te karaka auau-teitei o roto o te pūnaha i te wā i waenga i ia pito karapīpiti. Ka kiia tēnei wā ko te "roa o te peere".
He taurangi hou kaha tēnei e whakaratohia ana e tēnei inenga. He whanaungatanga whakahurihuri kei waenganui i te roa o te peere me te kaha o te ua: ko te roa poto ake e tohu ana i te nui o te ua, ko te roa ake ia e tohu ana i te iti o te ua. Ka whakamahia e te tukatuka iti o roto tēnei roa o te peere hei tāuru matua ki roto i tētahi tauira utu hihiri kore-raina, e tautuhi ana i te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te nui o te ua tūturu mō ia pito me te roa o te pito. Ko tēnei whanaungatanga, e tohuhia ana e tētahi mahi whakatikatika.
J = 0, ka taea e te taputapu te tatau hihiri i te nui tika o te ua mōia tohutohu takitahiMō ngā pito poto te roa (te kaha nui), ka tatauhia e te pūnaha he uara ua nui ake, ka tāpirihia te wai i ngaro i te pānga ngaronga hihiri.Ko tēnei huarahi e ahu mai ana i te pūmanawa e whakaatu ana i te mātāpono o te "whakatikatika huringa, e whakatata haere ana ki te āhua tino pai." Mā tēnei ka taea te whakatikatika me te whakahou i te whakatikatika o te taputapu i te mara mā te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā pūmanawa kaua ki te mahi i ngā whakarerekētanga mīhini hoha ki ngā taumaha, ki ngā tīwiri rānei. He hua nui tēnei mō te whai huatanga, e whakangawari ana i te tiaki mō te wā roa, ā, e whakarite ana i te tika tonu.
4. I Hangaia mō te Marae: Ngā Āhuatanga Whai Hua me ngā Whakamahinga
Haunga ngā hangarau ā-roto, kua hangaia he ine ua hou me ngā āhuatanga whai hua hei whakarite i te pono me te whakamahinga i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te mara.
Te Whakapūmau i te Pono mō te Wā Roa: Te Painga Ārai i te Kōhanga
Pikitia 1: Ko te awaawa kohikohi ua he mea hanga ki ngā titi ārai-kōhanga, he āhuatanga nui hei ārai i ngā aukati me te whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga mō te wā roa i te mara.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui o te kaikohi ko te rarangi o ngā koikoi koi e karapoti ana i tōna taha. He ārai māmā tēnei, he tino whai hua hoki, e ārai ana i ngā manu kei tau, kei hanga kōhanga rānei i roto i te hāneanea o te ine. Ko te kōhanga manu tētahi o ngā tino take o ngā rahunga o te mara, nā te mea ka taea e ia te aukati katoa i te hāneanea, ā, ka ngaro katoa ngā raraunga. Mā tēnei āhuatanga ārai-kōhanga ka ārai i aua aukati, ka whakapai ake i te wātea o ngā raraunga, ka whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā haerenga utu nui ki te wāhi tiaki.
Te Hiranga o te Tika: Ngā Wāhanga Matua mō te Whakamahinga
He mea nui ngā raraunga tino tika e tukuna ana e ēnei ine matatau i roto i ngā mara maha:
•Te Āhuarangi me te Wai:E whakarato ana i ngā raraunga tika mō te aroturuki i te huringa wai, te matapae huarere, me te rangahau pūtaiao mō ngā tauira āhuarangi.
•Whakatūpato me te Ārai i te Waipuke:Ka tuku raraunga pono, ā-wā tonu hoki mō te kaha o te ua, he mea nui mō ngā pūnaha whakatūpato mōrearea, ā, ka āwhina i te tiaki i ngā oranga me ngā taonga.
•Whakahaere Ahuwhenua:Ka taea te whakarite i te whakamakuku tika i runga i te ua tuturu i tae mai, ka āwhina i te tiaki i ngā rauemi wai me te whakanui ake i ngā hua o te hua.
•Te Whakahaere Wai o te Tāone:Tautoko ana i te hoahoa whai hua me te whakahaere wā-tūturu o ngā whatunga waikeri tāone me ngā pūnaha whakahaere wai ua hei ārai i ngā waipuke o te tāone.
Horopaki Whakataurite: He Otinga Taurite
He tūranga ahurei, he tūranga nui hoki tō te TBRG hou, kua whakatikatikaina e te rauropi, i roto i ngā hangarau ine ua. Ahakoa kei reira ētahi atu taputapu, he nui ngā painga o ia taputapu:
•Ngā Ine Taumaha:Ka tukuna te tino tika o te rauemi mata, ā, ka taea te ine i te ua totoka pērā i te hukarere. Heoi, he uaua te mahi ā-mīhini, he tino pāngia e ngā wiri a te hau, ā, he tino nui te utu, nā reira kāore e taea te whakamahi mō te whakatinanatanga whatunga whānui.
•Ngā Inenga Siphon:Me whakaatu tonu i te nui o te ua engari he ngāwari ki te pakaru ā-mīhini, me tiaki tonu, ā, he "wāhi matapo" kei a rātou i te wā e tere ana te tango wai.
•Ngā Ine Whatu:Kāore he wāhanga e neke ana, ā, he tere te urupare, engari ko tōna tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tauira tatauranga hei huri i te marara o te māramatanga ki ngā reiti ua, ā, ka taea te whakararu i te kohu, i te poke rānei o te karāhe arotahi.
Mā te TBRG atamai ka kati te āputa tika mā te whakamahi i ngā ine pauna utu nui, inā koa mō te maturuturunga wai, me te pupuri tonu i te pakari ā-roto, te iti o te whakapaunga hiko, me te whai huatanga utu i noho whānui ai te hoahoa taketake.
5. Whakamutunga: Te Pai o ngā Ao e Rua
Ka honoa angitu e te ine ua o te peere takahuri tino tika o ēnei rā te pakari me te ngāwari o te hoahoa mīhini tuku iho me te tika teitei o te pūnaha whakatikatika atamai, e whakahaerehia ana e te pūmanawa. Mā te whakaahua i ia pito i runga i tōna roa, kaua ki te tatau noa i a rātou, ka wikitoria i te ngaronga hihiri ā-roto e pā ana ki ngā tauira tawhito, ka taea ai e ia te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa tika o te ahumahi puta noa i te whānuitanga katoa o te kaha o te ua.
Ka tutuki i a ia te taurite pai i waenga i te tika me te whaihua. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā ine taumaha te tuku i te tika teitei ake i roto i te taiao whakahaeretia, ka tukuna e te TBRG kua whakatikatikaina e te rauropi te mahi tata rite tonu me te manawanui nui ake me te whai hua utu mō ngā whatunga tauine nui. I te whakakotahitanga me ngā āhuatanga whaihua i hangaia mō te whakatinanatanga mara mo te wa roa, ka tu hei otinga pakari, tika, me te iti o te tiaki mo tetahi tohunga e hiahia ana ki nga raraunga ua pono, kounga teitei.
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