Kua noho ngā pūoko taumata wai piezoresistive hei wāhanga nui o te rautaki whakahaere wai whānui a Hingaiapore, hei tautoko i te whakawhiti a te motu ki te "Whatunga Wai Atamai." Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamahinga kanorau o ēnei pūoko pakari me te tika puta noa i ngā pūnaha wai tāone o Hingaiapore, mai i te aukati waipuke ki te whakahaere puna wai me ngā whatunga wai atamai. Hei hangarau e huri ana i te pēhanga wai hei tohu hiko mā roto i ngā huānga piezoresistive, ka whakaratohia e ēnei pūoko ki te Poari Ratonga Tūmatanui o Hingaiapore (PUB) ngā raraunga pono, wā-tūturu hei arotau i ngā mahi, hei whakarei ake i te manawanui o te pūnaha, me te whakapai ake i te tuku ratonga i roto i ngā hanganga wai matatini o te whenua.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Pūrongo Piezoresistive i te Rāngai Wai o Singapore
Ko te haerenga a Hingaiapore ki te noho hei kaiārahi o te ao mō te whakahaere wai i ahu mai i te hiahia. Hei whenua moutere iti me te iti o ngā rauemi wai taiao me te ngoikore nui ki ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi pēnei i te ua nui me te pikinga o te taumata moana, kua nui te haumi a Hingaiapore ki ngā hangarau wai auaha. I roto i ēnei, kua puta ake ngā pūoko taumata wai piezoresistive hei wāhanga nui o te hanganga aroturuki wai o te whenua, e tuku ana i te pono me te tika i roto i ngā taiao wai kanorau.
Ko te mahi a ngā pūoko piezoresistive i runga i te mātāpono ka huri te ātete hiko o ētahi rauemi ina pāngia e te ahotea ā-mīhini. I roto i ngā tono taumata wai, ka inehia e ēnei pūoko te pēhanga wai e tukuna ana e te pou wai, he rite tonu ki te teitei o te wai. Mā tēnei whanaungatanga ā-tinana ka taea te whakatau tika i te taumata wai ahakoa te mārama o te wai, te pōuriuri, te aroaro rānei o ngā totoka i whakatārewatia—he āhuatanga e wero ana i ngā hangarau rerekē pēnei i ngā pūoko ultrasonic, optical rānei.
Kua whakatinanahia e te Poari Ratonga Tūmatanui (PUB), te tari wai ā-motu o Hingaiapore, ngā pūoko piezoresistive puta noa i ngā momo whakahaere wai. E aro ana ēnei whakatinanatanga ki ētahi o ngā wero ahurei o Hingaiapore: te hiahia mō te matapae waipuke tika i roto i te āhuarangi pārūrū e pāngia ana e te ua nui, te hiahia mō te whakahaere tika i ngā puna wai i roto i te whenua kore whenua kua hangaia he maha ngā puna wai o te tāone, me te hiahia mō ngā raraunga pono hei whakahaere i tētahi whatunga tuku wai e uaua haere ana, e hono tahi ana.
Ko te kōrero mō te wai o Hingaiapore he kōrero mō te panonitanga—mai i te korenga o te wai ki te haumaru o te wai. Ko ngā Taputapu Whenua e Whā o te motu (te wai hopu wai ā-rohe, te wai kawemai, te NEWater, me te wai tango tote) e tohu ana i tētahi rautaki tuku wai kanorau e hiahiatia ana te aroturuki tupato i ia wāhanga. Ka whai wāhi ngā pūoko piezoresistive ki tēnei rautaki mā te whakarato i ngā raraunga tika, ā-wā-tūturu e hiahiatia ana hei arotau i ngā mahi puta noa i ngā taputapu e whā, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha hopu wai ā-rohe e kohikohi ana i te wai mai i te rua-hautoru o te whenua o Hingaiapore.
Ko te whakaurunga o te hangarau piezoresistive e hangai ana ki te kaupapa whānui a te Smart Nation o Hingaiapore, e aro nui ana ki te whakatau whakatau e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga puta noa i ngā rāngai katoa. I roto i te whakahaere wai, ko te tikanga o tēnei ko ngā pūoko e whakarato ana i ngā inenga anake, engari e hono pai ana hoki ki ngā papaaho tātari matatau, e āhei ai te tiaki matapae, ngā pūnaha whakahaere aunoa, me ngā āheinga whakatūpato wawe. Ko te pakari o ngā pūoko piezoresistive—tō rātou kaha ki te pupuri i te tika ahakoa te poke koiora, te piki me te heke o te pāmahana, me te whakamahinga roa—e tino pai ana mō te taiao pārūrū o Hingaiapore me ngā paerewa pakari a te PUB mō te kounga raraunga me te pono o te pūnaha.
Ngā Pūnaha Aroturuki Waipuke me te Whakatūpato Moata
Nā te āhuarangi pārūrū o Hingaiapoa ka nui te ua ka tere te taupoki i ngā pūnaha waikeri, ā, he mea nui te aroturukitanga waipuke pakari mō te manawanui o ngā tāone. Kua whakatinanahia e te Poari Ratonga Tūmatanui (PUB) he whatunga whānui o ngā pūoko taumata wai piezoresistive hei wāhanga o tana rautaki whakahaere mōrearea waipuke, e hanga ana i tētahi o ngā pūnaha whakatūpato waipuke tāone tino matatau o te ao. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei pūoko ngā raraunga nui e hiahiatia ana hei matapae, hei aroturuki, hei urupare hoki ki ngā huihuinga waipuke puta noa i te whenua tāone kikī o te moutere.
Te Whakatakotoranga Pūoko i ngā Wāhi Mōrearea Nui
Kua tāuta rautakitia e PUB ngā pūoko piezoresistive ki te 200 pea ngā wāhi matua puta noa i te whatunga waikeri o Hingaiapore, me te arotahi ki ngā wāhi papaku me ngā wāhi wera waipuke o mua57. Ka aroturuki tonu ēnei pūoko i ngā taumata wai i roto i ngā awaawa, ngā waikeri, me ngā awa, me te tuku raraunga wā-tūturu ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere matua o PUB. I tīpakohia te hangarau piezoresistive mō ēnei tono nā tōna pono tino pai i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiao uaua o Hingaiapore—te haumākū nui, te ua nui pinepine, me te kaha o ngā wai waipuke kapi i ngā paru ka poke i ētahi atu momo pūoko.
He wāhanga ēnei pūoko o tētahi pūnaha aroturuki waipuke whakauru e whakauru ana i te radar ua, ngā kāmera CCTV, me ngā aroturuki kounga wai. Heoi, ko ngā pūoko taumata wai piezoresistive te kaupapa matua, e whakarato ana i te ine tika rawa atu o te mōrearea waipuke tuturu i ngā wāhi motuhake. He tino whai hua ā rātou inenga nā te mea ka hopukina e rātou te hua whakauru o ngā tukanga wai katoa o te taha whakarunga—te kaha o te ua, ngā āhuatanga o te rerenga wai, me te mahi a te pūnaha waikeri—i roto i tētahi tawhā kotahi, e ngāwari ana te whakamārama: te hohonu o te wai.
Ngā Tikanga Whakatūpato Aunoa
Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha aroturuki waipuke o Hingaiapore ngā raraunga pūoko piezoresistive hei whakaputa i ngā whakatūpato aunoa mā roto i ngā hongere maha. Ina piki ake ngā taumata wai ki ngā paepae kua whakaritea (i te nuinga o te wā i te 50%, 75%, 90%, me te 100% o ngā hohonutanga nui), ka whakaohohia e te pūnaha ngā whakamōhiotanga mā te SMS, te taupānga pūkoro MyWaters, me ngā whakaaturanga o roto o te rūma whakahaere PUB7. Mā tēnei huarahi whakatūpato taumata ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā urupare ā-wā, mai i te aroturukitanga noa ki ngā wawaotanga ohorere.
Mā te tika teitei o ngā pūoko piezoresistive (±0.1% o te tauine katoa i roto i te maha o ngā whakaurunga) ka whakarite kia ahu mai ngā whakatūpato i ngā inenga tika, ka whakaitihia ngā whakatūpato teka me te whakarato i te wā whakatūpato e tika ana. Ka taea e ngā kainoho me ngā pakihi te ohauru ki te whiwhi whakatūpato mō te toru o ngā wāhi pūoko motuhake, ka taea ai te whakarite i ngā whakatūpato waipuke mō ngā wāhi e āwangawanga ana7. Ka taea anake tēnei taumata whakaritenga nā te mea ka whakaratohia e ngā pūoko piezoresistive ngā raraunga pono tonu ka taea e PUB me te marea te whakawhirinaki.
Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Hanganga Whakahaere Waipuke
Haunga ngā pūnaha whakatūpato, ka whakahaerehia tika e ngā raraunga pūoko piezoresistive ngā hanganga whakaiti waipuke aunoa i ētahi wāhi puta noa i Singapore. I ngā rohe pēnei i a Orchard Road—he rohe hokohoko i pāngia e te waipuke nui i te tau 2010 me te 2011—ka whakaohohia e ngā raraunga pūoko te mahi a ngā ārai waipuke rangitahi, ā, ka whakahohehia e ngā papu kaha hei huri i ngā wai waipuke5. He mea nui te wā urupare tere o ngā pūoko (he iti iho i te kotahi hēkona te nuinga) mō ēnei tono, e āhei ai ngā pūnaha whakahaere ki te urupare i mua i te kino o ngā āhuatanga waipuke.
Ko tētahi whakamahinga nui ko te kaupapa rūma raro whenua "ārai-waipuke" mō ngā whare i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke. I konei, ka hono ngā pūoko piezoresistive kua tāutahia ki ngā papa waka o raro whenua ki ngā pūnaha whakaoho whare, e whakarato ana i ngā whakatūpato tika ki ngā kaiwhakahaere whare me ngā kainoho ina tata te waipuke5. Mā te hanganga pakari o ngā pūoko ka taea te whakahaere pono ahakoa kua totohu te wai, he wāhi rahunga noa mō ngā hangarau kāore i te tino pakari.
Te Mahi i ngā Wā o ngā Takahanga Huarere Tino Kino
Kua whakamātauhia te hiranga o te whatunga pūoko piezoresistive o Hingaiapore i roto i ngā wā ua nui maha. Hei tauira, i te wā o te tupuhi o te tau 2018 i heke tata ki te 160mm o te ua i roto i ngā haora e whā—tētahi o ngā ua tino kaha rawa atu i roto i te hītori o Hingaiapore—i whakaratohia e te whatunga pūoko ki te PUB ngā whakahōutanga meneti-i-te-meneti mō ngā taumata wai puta noa i te motu. Nā tēnei raraunga i taea ai te whakatūnga whai take o ngā tīma urupare waipuke me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tika a te marea mō ngā wāhi e tino mōrearea ana.
Nā te tātaritanga o ngā raraunga pūoko i muri i te huihuinga kua āwhina i te PUB ki te tautuhi i ngā arai o te pūnaha waikeri me te arotau i ngā haumitanga hanganga ā muri ake nei. Ko te kaha o ngā pūoko piezoresistive ki te whakarato i ngā inenga tika ahakoa i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino ka tino whai hua mō ēnei rangahautanga taihara, nā te mea ka hopukina e rātou te kauwhata wai katoa o ngā huihuinga waipuke me te kore he āputa raraunga i te wā o ngā rerenga nui.
Te Whakahaere i te Puna Wai me te Rokiroki Wai
Ko te huarahi auaha a Hingaiapore ki te penapena wai me te whakahaere puna wai e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te aroturuki tika i te taumata wai, me ngā pūoko piezoresistive e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakarite i te whai huatanga me te haumaru o ēnei rawa wai nui. Hei tāone-whenua moutere me te iti o ngā rauemi wai taiao, kua hurihia e Hingaiapore tōna whenua tāone kia mahi hei rohe hopu wai, ka hangaia he whatunga whānui o ngā puna wai e kohi ana i te wai mai i te rua-hautoru o te mata whenua o te whenua. Ko te whakahaere i ēnei puna wai e hiahia ana ki ngā raraunga taumata wai tika, wā-tūturu—he whakaritenga e tutuki pai ana mā te hangarau pūoko piezoresistive.
Aroturuki i te Pūnaha Puna Moana
Ko te Puna Wai Marina, te rohe hopu wai tino tāone o Singapore, e whakaatu ana i te whakamahinga matatau o ngā pūoko piezoresistive i roto i ngā whare rokiroki wai nui. He maha ngā pūoko kua whakanohoia ki ngā hōhonutanga me ngā wāhi rerekē puta noa i te puna wai hei aroturuki i ngā taumata wai whānui me ngā pānga papatipu me ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe3. He mea nui ēnei inenga mō ētahi āhuatanga whakahaere:
- Te Whakahaere i te Tuku Wai: Mā te raraunga taumata tika ka tino pai te tangohanga wai, ka mau tonu te puna wai, ā, ka kore e hiahiatia te tangohanga wai.
- Te Hopu Wai Ua: I ngā wā ua, ka āwhina ngā pūoko ki te whakatau i te nui o te wai rere ka taea e te puna wai te mimiti haumaru.
- Te Whakahaere Tote: I te Pā o Marina, ka whakamōhiotia ngā mahi a te pūoko e ngā raraunga o te pūoko hei ārai i te urunga mai o te wai moana, me te tuku hoki i te tukunga tika.
He mea hanga motuhake ngā pūoko piezoresistive i roto i te Puna Wai o Marina kia tū atu ki ngā āhuatanga wai māori e tūtaki ai te wai māori ki te moana, me ngā rauemi kua tīpakohia hei ārai i te waikura i roto i tēnei taiao wero. Nā te hanganga pakari ka taea te mahi tonu me te iti o te tiaki, ahakoa te rumakina tonu me te pānga ki ngā matū rerekē o te wai.
Te Aroturuki i te Tāke Rokiroki Motuhake
Haunga ngā puna wai nui, ka aroturukihia e ngā pūoko piezoresistive ngā taumata wai i roto i ngā tāke rokiroki maha o Singapore—he hanganga nui mō te pupuri i te pēhanga wai me ngā rahui ohorere puta noa i te whatunga tohatoha wai o te moutere37. E whakaatu ana ēnei tono i te maha o ngā mahi a ngā pūoko:
- Ngā Tāke Tuanui o te Tāone: I roto i ngā whare teitei, ka whakarite ngā pūoko i te nui o te wai e tukuna ana ki ngā papa o runga, me te ārai hoki i te waipuke.
- Ngā Puna Ratonga: Ka whakamahia e ēnei whare rokiroki takawaenga ngā raraunga pūoko hei arotau i ngā kaupapa papu me te whakamahinga pūngao.
- Rokiroki Āhuatanga Ohotata: Ka aro turukihia ngā rahui rautaki e puritia ana mō ngā āhuatanga tauraki, ngā pakaru rānei o ngā hanganga.
Kua whakapūmautia e te PUB ngā pūoko piezoresistive mō ēnei tono nā te mea he rite tonu te mahi puta noa i ngā āhuahanga tāke rerekē, me tō rātou kaha ki te hono tika ki ngā pūnaha SCADA e whakahaere aunoa ana i te whatunga tohatoha wai o Hingaiapoa.
Ka taea hoki e mātou te whakarato i ngā momo otinga mō
1. Mita ringaringa mō te kounga wai maha-tawhā
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3. Paraihe horoi aunoa mō te pūoko wai maha-tawhā
4. He huinga katoa o ngā tūmau me te pūmanawa ahokore, e tautoko ana i te RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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