I te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau pēnei i te Ipurangi o ngā Mea me te matauranga horihori, kei te awhi ngā pūoko hau, he taputapu mohio nui e mōhiotia ana ko ngā "mārama hiko e rima", i ngā whai wāhitanga whanaketanga kāore i kitea i mua. Mai i te aroturukitanga tuatahi o ngā hau paitini me ngā hau kino ahumahi ki tōna whakamahinga whānui i roto i te tātaritanga hauora, te kāinga atamai, te aroturuki taiao me ētahi atu mara i ēnei rā, kei te huri haere te hangarau pūoko hau mai i te mahi kotahi ki te mohio, te whakaiti me te maha-ahu. Ka tātarihia whānuitia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga hangarau, te ahunga whakamua rangahau hou me te mana tono o te ao o ngā pūoko hau, me te aro nui ki ngā ia whanaketanga i roto i te mara o te aroturuki hau i ngā whenua pēnei i a Haina me te Hononga o Amerika.
Ngā āhuatanga hangarau me ngā au whanaketanga o ngā pūoko hau
Hei kaitahuri e huri ana i te wāhanga rōrahi o tētahi hau motuhake ki te tohu hiko e rite ana, kua noho te pūoko hau hei wāhanga tino nui, ā, he mea nui hoki i roto i te hangarau pūoko hou. Ka tukatukahia e tēnei momo taputapu ngā tauira hau mā roto i ngā pane kimi, tae atu ki ngā mahi pēnei i te tātari i ngā poke me ngā hau e whakararuraru ana, te whakamaroke, te whakamatao rānei, ā, i te mutunga ka huri i ngā mōhiohio kukū hau ki ngā tohu hiko e taea te ine. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā momo pūoko hau kei te mākete, tae atu ki te momo haurua-ira, te momo hikohiko, te momo mura catalytic, ngā pūoko hau infrared me ngā pūoko hau photoionization (PID), me ētahi atu. He āhuatanga motuhake tō ia o rātou, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā mara whakamātautau ā-iwi, ā-ahumahi me te taiao.
Ko te pumau me te arotau ngā tohu matua e rua mō te aromatawai i te mahi a ngā pūoko hau. Ko te pumau e pā ana ki te pumau o te urupare taketake o te pūoko puta noa i tōna wā mahi katoa, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kore nekehanga me te nekehanga ā-wā. Ko te mea pai, mō ngā pūoko kounga teitei i raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi tonu, me iti iho i te 10% te nekehanga kore ā-tau. Ko te arotau e pā ana ki te ōwehenga o te huringa o te putanga o te pūoko ki te huringa o te whakaurunga i inehia. He rerekē te arotau o ngā momo pūoko rerekē, ko te nuinga kei runga i ngā mātāpono hangarau me te kōwhiringa rauemi e whakamahia ana e rātou. Hei tāpiri, ko te whiriwhiri (arā, te arotau whakawhiti) me te ātete waikura he tawhā nui anō hoki mō te aromatawai i te mahi a ngā pūoko hau. Ko te mea tuatahi e whakatau ana i te kaha o te pūoko ki te mohio i roto i te taiao hau whakauru, ko te mea tuarua e pā ana ki te manawanui o te pūoko ki ngā hau ūnga kukū-teitei.
He maha ngā au o te whanaketanga o nāianei o te hangarau pūoko hau. Tuatahi, kei te haere tonu te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi hou me ngā tukanga hou. Kua pakari haere ngā rauemi haurua-whakarewa tuku iho pērā i te ZnO, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, me ētahi atu. Kei te tāpirihia, kei te whakarerekēhia, kei te whakarerekēhia hoki e ngā kairangahau ngā rauemi hau-tairongo o nāianei mā roto i ngā tikanga whakarerekētanga matū, me te whakapai ake i te tukanga hanga kiriata i te wā kotahi hei whakarei ake i te pumau me te whiriwhiringa o ngā pūoko. I taua wā, kei te kaha haere te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi hou pērā i ngā rauemi haurua-whakakotahi me ngā rauemi hau-tairongo ranu me ngā rauemi hau-tairongo polymer. He nui ake te aro, te whiriwhiri me te pumau o ēnei rauemi ki ngā hau rerekē.
Ko te mohio o ngā pūoko tētahi atu huarahi whanaketanga nui. Nā te angitu o te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau rauemi hou pēnei i te nanotechnology me te hangarau kiriata angiangi, kei te kaha ake te whakauru me te mohio o ngā pūoko hau. Mā te whakamahi katoa i ngā hangarau whakauru maha-mātauranga pēnei i te hangarau moroiti-mīhini me te hikohiko moroiti, te hangarau rorohiko, te hangarau tukatuka tohu, te hangarau pūoko, me te hangarau tātaritanga hapa, kei te whakawhanake ngā kairangahau i ngā pūoko hau atamai mamati aunoa katoa e taea ai te aroturuki i ngā hau maha i te wā kotahi. Ko tētahi pūoko maha-taurangi momo ātete matū i whakawhanakehia tata nei e te rōpū rangahau a Ahorangi Tuarua Yi Jianxin mai i te State Key Laboratory of Fire Science i te Whare Wānanga o te Pūtaiao me te Hangarau o Haina he tohu noa iho o tēnei ia. Ka taea e tēnei pūoko te kite i ngā hau maha me te tautuhi tika i ngā āhuatanga ahi maha mā te taputapu kotahi 59.
Kei te piki haere te aro ki te whakarārangi me te arotau i ngā rauropi. Nā te raruraru urupare whānui o te pūoko hau kotahi, ka ngāwari te pokanoa ina noho tahi ngā hau maha. Ko te whakamahi i ngā pūoko hau maha hei hanga i tētahi rauropi kua waiho hei otinga whai hua hei whakapai ake i te kaha ki te mōhio. Mā te whakanui ake i ngā rahi o te hau kua kitea, ka taea e te rauropi pūoko te whiwhi tohu maha atu, he mea pai ki te aromatawai i ngā tawhā maha atu me te whakapai ake i te kaha ki te whakatau me te mōhio. Heoi, i te piki haere o te maha o ngā pūoko i roto i te rauropi, ka piki ake hoki te uaua o te tukatuka raraunga. Nō reira, he mea tino nui te arotau i te rauropi pūoko. I roto i te arotau rauropi, he whānuitia te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te tauwehenga taurite me te tātari tautau, ā, kua tino whakarei ake ngā rauropi mōhio hau pēnei i te Tātari Wāhanga Matua (PCA) me te Whatunga Io Horihori (ANN) i te kaha ki te mōhio tauira o ngā pūoko.
Ripanga: Whakataurite Mahi o ngā Momo Matua o ngā Pūoko Hau
Momo pūoko, mātāpono mahi, ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, te roanga o te ora
He iti te utu mō te mimiti hau momo-haurua ki te whakarerekē i te ātete o ngā haurua-haurua, he tere te urupare, he ngoikore te whiriwhiri, ā, he nui te pānga o te pāmahana me te haumākū mō ngā tau 2-3.
Ka pāngia te hau hikohiko e ngā tauhohenga REDOX hei whakaputa i te iahiko, he pai te whiriwhiri me te aro nui. Heoi, he iti noa te pakaru o te irahiko, ā, he 1-2 tau te roa o te ora (mō te irahiko wai).
Ka puta ngā huringa pāmahana i te momo mura whakakorikori o te mura hau mura. He mea hanga motuhake mō te kimi hau mura, ā, e toru tau anake e tika ana mō te hau mura.
He tino tika te mimiti a ngā hau pūwero i te mārama pūwero o ngā roangaru motuhake, kāore e paitini, engari he nui te utu, ā, he nui te rahinga mō ngā tau 5 ki te 10.
Ko te whakapūngao hihi-rāwhiti (PID) mō te kimi i ngā ngota hau o ngā VOC he tino aro nui, ā, kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā momo matū mō ngā tau 3 ki te 5.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia ahakoa kua nui te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau pūoko hau, kei te tū tonu ētahi wero noa. Ko te roa o te ora o ngā pūoko e whakawhāiti ana i tā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ētahi mara. Hei tauira, ko te roa o te ora o ngā pūoko hau haurua-haurua he tata ki te 2 ki te 3 tau, ko te roa o te ora o ngā pūoko hau hikohiko he tata ki te 1 ki te 2 tau nā te ngaronga o te irahiko, ko te roa ia o ngā pūoko hikohiko matū-irahiko totoka ka eke ki te 5 tau. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā take nekeneke (ngā huringa o te urupare a te pūoko i roto i te wā) me ngā take ōrite (ngā rerekētanga mahi i waenga i ngā pūoko i roto i te puranga kotahi) he mea nui anō hoki e whakawhāiti ana i te whānui o te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko hau. Hei whakautu i ēnei take, i tetahi taha, kei te whakapau kaha ngā kairangahau ki te whakapai ake i ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga hanga e aro ana ki te hau, ā, i tetahi atu taha, kei te whakatikatika, kei te pehi rānei i te awe o te nekeneke pūoko ki ngā hua ine mā te whakawhanake i ngā rauropi tukatuka raraunga matatau.
Ngā āhuatanga tono kanorau o ngā pūoko hau
Kua horapa te hangarau pūoko hau ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao pāpori. Kua roa nei te whakamahinga o ēnei pūoko e hipa ana i te whānuitanga o te aroturuki haumaru ā-umanga tuku iho, ā, kei te tere haere te horapa ki ngā mara maha pērā i te hauora hauora, te aroturuki taiao, te kāinga atamai, me te haumaru kai. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei ia o ngā whakamahinga kanorau anake e whakaata ana i ngā āheinga i puta mai i te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau, engari e whakaatu ana hoki i te pikinga o te hiahia pāpori mō te kimi hau.
Te aroturuki i te haumaru ahumahi me te hau morearea
I roto i te mara o te haumaru ahumahi, he mahi nui tā ngā pūoko hau, inā koa i roto i ngā ahumahi mōrearea nui pēnei i te miihini matū, te hinu, me te keri maina. Ko te "Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Hanga Haumaru o ngā Matū Morearea" a Haina e hiahia ana kia whakatūria e ngā papa ahumahi matū he pūnaha aroturuki whānui me te whakatūpato wawe mō ngā hau paitini me ngā hau kino, me te whakatairanga i te hanganga o ngā papa whakahaere mōrearea atamai. Ko te "Mahere Mahi Haumaru Mahi Ipurangi Ahumahi me te Ipurangi" e akiaki ana hoki i ngā papa ki te whakamahi i ngā pūoko Ipurangi o ngā Mea me ngā papa tātari AI kia tutuki ai te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me te urupare whakarite ki ngā mōrearea pēnei i te turuturu hau. Nā ēnei kaupapa here kua tino whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko hau i roto i te mara o te haumaru ahumahi.
Kua whakawhanakehia e ngā pūnaha aroturuki hau ahumahi hou ngā momo huarahi hangarau. Ka whakaatuhia e te hangarau whakaahua kapua hau te turuturu hau mā te whakaatu ā-kanohi i ngā papatipu hau hei huringa o ngā taumata hina pika i roto i te ahua. Ko tōna kaha ki te kite e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kukū me te rahinga o te hau turuturu, te rerekētanga pāmahana papamuri, me te tawhiti aroturuki. Ka taea e te hangarau tirotiro infrared Fourier te aroturuki kounga me te haurua-taumata neke atu i te 500 momo hau tae atu ki ngā mea kore-waro, waro, paitini me ngā mea kino, ā, ka taea te matawai i te 30 momo hau i te wā kotahi. He pai mō ngā whakaritenga aroturuki hau uaua i roto i ngā papa ahumahi matū. Ina honoa ēnei hangarau matatau ki ngā pūoko hau tuku iho, ka hangaia he whatunga aroturuki haumaru hau ahumahi maha-taumata.
I te taumata whakatinanatanga motuhake, me tutuki ngā pūnaha aroturuki hau ahumahi ki tētahi raupapa o ngā paerewa ā-motu me te ao. Ko te "Paerewa Hoahoa mō te Kite me te Whakaoho i ngā Hau Mura me te Paitini i roto i te Ahumahi Matū Kemikara" a Haina GB 50493-2019 me te "Whakatakotoranga Hangarau Whānui mō te Aroturuki Haumaru o ngā Pūtake Tūpono Nui o ngā Matū Tūpono" AQ 3035-2010 e whakarato ana i ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō te aroturuki hau ahumahi 26. I te ao whānui, kua whakawhanakehia e OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United States) tētahi raupapa o ngā paerewa kimi hau, e hiahia ana kia kitea te hau i mua i ngā mahi wāhi iti, me te whakarite kia iti iho te kukū o ngā hau kino i te rangi i te taumata haumaru o te 610. Ko ngā paerewa o te NFPA (National Fire Protection Association of the United States), pērā i te NFPA 72 me te NFPA 54, e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō te kimi i ngā hau mura me ngā hau paitini 610.
Te tautuhi i te hauora hauora me te mate
Kei te huri te ao hauora me te rongoā hei tetahi o ngā mākete tono tino whai hua mō ngā pūoko hau. He nui ngā tohu koiora kei roto i te hau e puta ana i te tinana tangata e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga hauora. Mā te kimi i ēnei tohu koiora, ka taea te whakatutuki i te tirotiro wawe me te aroturuki tonu i ngā mate. Ko te taputapu kimi acetone manawa-ringa i whakawhanakehia e te tīma a Tākuta Wang Di mai i te Pokapū Rangahau Whakaaro Nui o te Taiwhanga Zhejiang he tohu noa iho o tēnei tono. Ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu he huarahi hangarau tae-ira hei ine i te ihirangi acetone i roto i te manawa e puta ana i te manawa o te tangata mā te kimi i te huringa tae o ngā rauemi tairongo-hau, kia tere ai te kimi me te kore mamae o te mate huka momo 1.
Ina iti te taumata o te insulin i roto i te tinana o te tangata, kāore e taea te huri i te hukahuka hei pūngao, engari ka pakaru te ngako. Hei tētahi o ngā hua taha i muri i te pakaru o te ngako, ka puta te acetone mai i te tinana mā te manawa. I whakamārama a Tākuta Wang Di 1. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā whakamātautau toto tuku iho, he pai ake te wheako tātaritanga me te rongoā o tēnei tikanga whakamātautau manawa. Heoi anō, kei te whakawhanake te tīma i tētahi pūoko acetone "tukunga o ia rā". Ka taea e tēnei taputapu mau iti te ine aunoa i te hau acetone e tukuna ana mai i te kiri i te ao katoa. Ā muri ake nei, ina honoa ki te hangarau matauranga horihori, ka taea e ia te āwhina i te tātaritanga, te aroturuki me te ārahi rongoā mō te mate huka.
Haunga te mate huka, he nui hoki te kaha o ngā pūoko hau ki te whakahaere i ngā mate pūmau me te aroturuki i ngā mate manawa. He mea nui te pihi kukū o te hauhā waro hei whakatau i te āhua o te manawa o ngā tūroro, ā, ko ngā pihi kukū o ētahi tohu hau e whakaata ana i te ia o te whanaketanga o ngā mate pūmau. I ngā wā o mua, ko te whakamaoritanga o ēnei raraunga me whai wāhi mai ngā kaimahi hauora. Heoi, nā te whakamanatanga o te hangarau matauranga horihori, kāore e taea e ngā pūoko hau atamai te kite noa i ngā hau me te tuhi pihi, engari ka taea hoki te whakatau i te nui o te whanaketanga o te mate, ka whakaiti nui i te pēhanga ki ngā kaimahi hauora.
I roto i te ao o ngā taputapu hauora e mau ana, kei te tīmatanga tonu te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko hau, engari he whānui ngā tūmanakohanga. I kī ngā kairangahau o Zhuhai Gree Electric Appliances ahakoa he rerekē ngā taputapu o te whare i ngā taputapu hauora me ngā mahi tātaritanga mate, i roto i te ao o te aroturuki hauora o te kāinga i ia rā, he painga ngā huinga pūoko hau pērā i te utu iti, te kore e uru ki roto, me te whakaitiiti, e tika ana kia piki haere te puta i roto i ngā taputapu o te whare pērā i ngā taputapu tiaki waha me ngā wharepaku atamai hei aroturuki āwhina me ngā otinga aroturuki wā-tūturu. I te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō te hauora o te kāinga, ko te aroturuki i te hauora o te tangata mā roto i ngā taputapu o te whare ka noho hei huarahi nui mō te whanaketanga o ngā kāinga atamai.
Te aroturukitanga taiao me te aukati me te whakahaere i te parahanga
Ko te aroturuki taiao tētahi o ngā mara e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā pūoko hau. I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te aro o te ao ki te tiaki taiao, kei te piki haere hoki te hiahia mō te aroturuki i ngā momo poke i te āhuarangi i ia rā, i ia rā. Ka taea e ngā pūoko hau te kite i ngā hau kino pēnei i te hauota waro, te hauhā whanariki me te ozone, ā, he taputapu whai hua tēnei mō te aroturuki i te kounga o te hau taiao.
Ko te pūoko hau hikohiko UGT-E4 o te British Gas Shield Company he hua matua mō te aro turuki taiao. Ka taea e ia te ine tika i te nui o ngā poke i roto i te āhuarangi, ā, ka taea hoki te tautoko raraunga tika me te wā tika mō ngā tari tiaki taiao. Nā te whakaurunga ki te hangarau mōhiohio hou, kua tutuki i tēnei pūoko ngā mahi pēnei i te aro turuki mamao, te tuku raraunga, me te whakaoho atamai, e whakarei ake ana i te whai huatanga me te ngāwari o te kimi hau. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te aroturuki i ngā huringa o te kukū hau i ngā wā katoa, i ngā wāhi katoa mā roto noa i ā rātou waea pūkoro, rorohiko rānei, e whakarato ana i tētahi pūtake pūtaiao mō te whakahaere taiao me te hanga kaupapa here.
Mō te aroturuki i te kounga o te hau o roto, he mahi nui anō hoki tā ngā pūoko hau. Ko te paerewa EN 45544 i whakaputaina e te Komiti Paerewa o Ūropi (EN) he mea motuhake mō te whakamātautau kounga o te hau o roto, ā, e kapi ana i ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau mō ngā hau kino 610. Ko ngā pūoko hauhā waro noa, ngā pūoko formaldehyde, me ētahi atu i te mākete e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare noho ā-iwi, ngā whare arumoni me ngā wāhi whakangahau tūmatanui, hei āwhina i te tangata ki te waihanga i tētahi taiao hauora me te whakamarie o roto. Ina koa i te wā o te mate urutā COVID-19, kua arohia te hauhautanga o roto me te kounga o te hau i roto i tētahi wā kāore i kitea i mua, e whakatairanga ana i te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau pūoko e pā ana.
Ko te aroturuki i ngā tukunga waro he huarahi hou mō ngā pūoko hau. I roto i te horopaki o te koretake o te waro o te ao, kua tino hira te aroturuki tika i ngā hau kati kōtuhi pēnei i te hauhā waro. He painga motuhake ngā pūoko hauhā waro whero i tēnei mara nā te mea he tino tika, he pai te whiriwhiri me te roa o te ora mahi. Kua whakarārangihia e ngā "Aratohu mō te Hanganga o ngā Papa Whakahaere Mōrearea Haumaru Maamaa i roto i ngā Pāka Ahumahi Matū" i Haina te aroturuki hau mura/paitini me te tātari i ngā pūtake turuturu hei ihirangi hanganga whakahau, e whakaata ana i te aro nui o te taumata kaupapa here ki te tūranga o te aroturuki hau i roto i te mara tiaki taiao.
Kāinga Atamai me te Haumaru Kai
Ko te kāinga atamai te mākete tono kaihoko tino whai hua mō ngā pūoko hau. I tēnei wā, ko ngā pūoko hau e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu kāinga pērā i ngā pūwero hau me ngā hauhautanga hou. Heoi, nā te whakaurunga o ngā huinga pūoko me ngā rauropi atamai, kei te whakamahia haeretia te pūmanawa tono i roto i ngā horopaki pērā i te tiaki kai, te tunu kai, me te aroturuki hauora.
Mō te tiaki kai, ka taea e ngā pūoko hau te aroturuki i ngā kakara kino e tukuna ana e te kai i te wā e rongoa ana hei whakatau i te hou o te kai. E whakaatu ana ngā hua rangahau tata nei ahakoa he pūoko kotahi te whakamahi hei aroturuki i te kukū kakara, he huinga pūoko hau rānei e whakamahia ana me ngā tikanga tautuhi tauira hei whakatau i te hou o te kai, kua tutuki ngā hua pai. Heoi, nā te uaua o ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga pouaka whakamātao (pēnei i te pokanoa mai i ngā kaiwhakamahi e whakatuwhera ana, e kati ana i ngā tatau, e tīmata ana, e whakamutu ana i ngā pūhiko, me te rere o te hau o roto, me ētahi atu), tae atu ki te awe tahi o ngā hau pūngāwerewere mai i ngā kai, kei reira tonu te wāhi hei whakapai ake i te tika o te whakatau i te hou o te kai.
Ko ngā whakamahinga tunu kai tētahi atu āhuatanga nui mō ngā pūoko hau. E rau ngā matū hau e puta ana i te wā tunu kai, tae atu ki ngā matūriki, ngā alkane, ngā matū kakara, ngā aldehyde, ngā ketone, ngā waipiro, ngā alkene me ētahi atu matū waro pūngāwerewere. I roto i tētahi taiao uaua pēnei, he nui ake ngā painga o ngā huinga pūoko hau i ngā pūoko takitahi. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka taea te whakamahi i ngā huinga pūoko hau hei whakatau i te āhua tunu kai i runga i te hiahia o te tangata, hei taputapu aroturuki kai āwhina rānei hei ripoata i ngā tikanga tunu kai ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Heoi, ko ngā āhuatanga taiao tunu kai pēnei i te pāmahana teitei, te auahi tunu kai me te mamaoa wai ka taea te "paitini" i te pūoko, he raruraru hangarau me whakatau.
I roto i te mara o te haumaru kai, kua whakaatuhia e te rangahau a te tīma a Wang Di te uara pea o ngā pūoko hau. Ko tā rātou whāinga he "tāutu i ngā tekau mā rua o ngā hau i te wā kotahi mā te mono waea pūkoro iti", ā, e whakapau kaha ana ki te whakarite kia wātea ngā mōhiohio haumaru kai. Ka taea e tēnei taputapu kakara whakakotahi te kite i ngā wāhanga pūngoi i roto i te kai, te whakatau i te hou me te haumaru o te kai, me te whakarato tohutoro wā-tūturu ki ngā kaihoko.
Ripanga: Ngā Mea Kimi Matua me ngā āhuatanga hangarau o ngā pūoko hau i roto i ngā momo mara tono
Ngā mara tono, ngā mea kimi matua, ngā momo pūoko e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ngā wero hangarau, ngā au whanaketanga
Hau mura haumaru ahumahi, momo mura whakakorikori hau paitini, momo mura hiko, aroturuki tukutahi maha-hau e manawanui ana ki te taiao kino, aroturuki pūtake turuturu
Acetone hauora me te hauora, CO₂, momo semiconductor VOC, momo whiriwhiringa me te aro o te momo tae, te taatai ka taea te mau me te mohio
Te whakatinanatanga o te whatunga pumau mo te wā roa me te tuku raraunga wā-tūturu mo te aroturukitanga taiao o ngā poke hau me ngā hau kati kōtuhi i roto i ngā āhua whero me te hikohiko.
Te hau kai kāinga atamai, te momo haurua-haurua paowa tunu kai, te kaha ātete-whakararuraru PID
Tena koa whakapā atu ki a Honde Technology Co., LTD.
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Wā tuku: Pipiri-11-2025