Ngā Whakamahinga Auaha me ngā Mahi a ngā Pūoko EC Kounga Wai i roto i te Ahumahi Ahuwhenua o Kazakhstan

Hei whenua matua i Āhia Waenganui, he nui ngā rauemi wai o Kazakhstan, ā, he nui hoki te pūmanawa mō te whanaketanga o te ahumoana. I te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau ahumoana o te ao me te whakawhiti ki ngā pūnaha atamai, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau aroturuki kounga wai i roto i te rāngai ahumoana o te whenua. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā take tono motuhake o ngā pūoko kawe hiko (EC) i roto i te umanga ahumoana o Kazakhstan, me te tātari i ō rātou mātāpono hangarau, ngā pānga mahi, me ngā au whanaketanga ā muri ake nei. Mā te tirotiro i ngā take noa pēnei i te mahi pāmu sturgeon i te Moana Caspian, ngā wāhi whakatupu ika i te roto o Balkhash, me ngā pūnaha ahumoana hurihuri i te rohe o Almaty, ka whakakitea e tēnei pepa te āwhina a ngā pūoko EC i ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe ki te aro atu ki ngā wero whakahaere kounga wai, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mahi pāmu, me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea taiao. Hei tāpiri, ka matapakihia e te tuhinga ngā wero e pā ana ki a Kazakhstan i roto i tana whakarerekētanga mātauranga ahumoana me ngā otinga pea, me te whakarato i ngā tohutoro whai hua mō te whanaketanga ahumoana i ētahi atu rohe rite.

He Tirohanga Whānui ki ngā Hiahia Aroturuki i te Ahumahi Ahuwhenua me te Kounga Wai o Kazakhstan

Hei whenua nui rawa atu o te ao kāore i te whenua, e whakamanamana ana a Kazakhstan ki ngā rauemi wai whai rawa, tae atu ki ngā wai nui pēnei i te Moana Caspian, te Roto Balkhash, me te Roto Zaysan, me ngā awa maha, e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga taiao ahurei mō te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua ika. Kua whakaatu te umanga ahuwhenua ika o te whenua i te tipu haere tonu i ngā tau tata nei, me ngā momo ahuwhenua matua tae atu ki te kāpa, te sturgeon, te taraute āniwaniwa, me te sturgeon Siberian. Ko te ahuwhenua sturgeon i te rohe o Caspian, inā koa, kua aro nuihia nā te mea he nui te utu o te caviar. Heoi, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te umanga ahuwhenua ika o Kazakhstan, pēnei i te piki me te heke o te kounga o te wai, ngā tikanga ahuwhenua o muri, me ngā pānga o ngā āhuarangi tino kino, e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o te umanga.

I roto i ngā taiao ahumoana o Kazakhstan, he mea nui te aroturuki i te kawe hiko (EC), hei tawhā kounga wai nui. Ko te EC e whakaata ana i te kukū katoa o ngā katote tote rewa i roto i te wai, e pā tika ana ki te whakahaere osmo me ngā mahi ā-tinana o ngā rauropi wai. He rerekē rawa ngā uara EC puta noa i ngā wai rerekē i Kazakhstan: ko te Moana Caspian, hei roto tote, he teitei ake ngā uara EC (tata ki te 13,000–15,000 μS/cm); ko te rohe hauauru o te roto o Balkhash, he wai māori, he iti ake ngā uara EC (tata ki te 300–500 μS/cm), ko tōna rohe rawhiti, kāore he putanga, he nui ake te tote (tata ki te 5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Ko ngā roto Alpine pērā i te roto o Zaysan he nui ake ngā uara EC rerekē. Nā ēnei āhuatanga kounga wai uaua ka waiho te aroturuki EC hei mea nui mō te angitu o te ahumoana i Kazakhstan.

I ngā wā o mua, i whakawhirinaki ngā kaimahi pāmu o Kazakhstan ki te wheako hei aromatawai i te kounga o te wai, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whaiaro pēnei i te tirotiro i te tae o te wai me te whanonga o ngā ika hei whakahaere. Kāore i te whai kiko te pūtaiao o tēnei huarahi, engari i uaua hoki te kite wawe i ngā take kounga wai pea, ā, he maha ngā wā ka mate ngā ika me ngā mate ōhanga. I te whānui haere o ngā tauine ahuwhenua me te piki haere o ngā taumata whakanui, kua piki haere te hiahia mō te aroturuki kounga wai tika. Nā te whakaurunga o te hangarau pūoko EC kua whakaratohia he otinga aroturuki kounga wai pono, wā-tūturu, me te utu-pai ki te umanga ahumoana o Kazakhstan.

I roto i te horopaki taiao motuhake o Kazakhstan, he maha ngā pānga nui o te aroturukitanga EC. Tuatahi, ko ngā uara EC e whakaata tika ana i ngā huringa tote i roto i ngā wai, he mea nui mō te whakahaere i ngā ika euryhaline (hei tauira, te sturgeon) me ngā ika stenohaline (hei tauira, te rainbow trout). Tuarua, ko ngā pikinga EC rerekē ka tohu pea i te parahanga wai, pērā i te tukunga wai para ahumahi, i ngā rerenga ahuwhenua rānei e mau ana i ngā tote me ngā kohuke. Hei tāpiri, he hononga kino ngā uara EC ki ngā taumata hāora rewa—ko te wai EC teitei he iti ake te hāora rewa, ka tū hei mōrearea ki te oranga o ngā ika. Nō reira, ko te aroturukitanga EC tonu ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakarerekē wawe i ngā rautaki whakahaere hei ārai i te ahotea me te mate o ngā ika.

Nō nā tata nei te kāwanatanga o Kazakhstan i whakaae ki te hiranga o te aroturukitanga kounga wai mō te whanaketanga o te ahumoana tauwhiro. I roto i āna mahere whanaketanga ahuwhenua ā-motu, kua tīmata te kāwanatanga ki te whakatenatena i ngā umanga ahuwhenua ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu aroturuki atamai, ā, kua whakaratohia he tautoko ā-wāhanga. I taua wā tonu, kei te whakatairanga ngā whakahaere o te ao me ngā kamupene o te ao i ngā hangarau me ngā taputapu ahuwhenua matatau i Kazakhstan, me te whakatere ake i te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko EC me ētahi atu hangarau aroturukitanga kounga wai i roto i te whenua. Nā tēnei tautoko kaupapa here me te whakaurunga hangarau kua waihanga i ngā āhuatanga pai mō te whakahou ake i te umanga ahumoana o Kazakhstan.

Ngā Mātāpono Hangarau me ngā Wāhanga Pūnaha o ngā Pūoko EC Kounga Wai

Ko ngā pūoko kawe hiko (EC) he wāhanga matua o ngā pūnaha aroturuki kounga wai hou, e mahi ana i runga i ngā inenga tika o te kaha kawe hiko o te otinga. I roto i ngā tono ahuwhenua ika o Kazakhstan, ka arotakehia e ngā pūoko EC ngā totoka rewa katoa (TDS) me ngā taumata tote mā te kimi i ngā āhuatanga kawe hiko o ngā katote i roto i te wai, e whakarato ana i te tautoko raraunga nui mō te whakahaere ahuwhenua. Mai i te tirohanga hangarau, ko ngā pūoko EC e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mātāpono hikohiko: ina rumakina ngā irahiko e rua ki roto i te wai, ā, ka whakamahia he ngaohiko tauutuutu, ka neke ngā katote rewa ki te hanga i te iahiko hiko, ā, ka tatau te pūoko i te uara EC mā te ine i tēnei kaha o te iahiko. Hei karo i ngā hapa ine i puta mai i te pōraruraru o te irahiko, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā pūoko EC hou ngā pūtake whakaoho AC me ngā tikanga ine auau-teitei hei whakarite i te tika me te pumau o ngā raraunga.

Mō te hanganga o te pūoko, ko ngā pūoko EC ahumoana he mea hanga ki tētahi wāhanga pūoko me tētahi waeine tukatuka tohu. He maha ngā wā ka hangaia te wāhanga pūoko mai i ngā irahiko titanium, platinum rānei e ātete ana ki te waikura, ka taea te tu atu ki ngā matū maha i roto i te wai ahuwhenua mō ngā wā roa. Ka whakanui, ka tātari, ka huri te waeine tukatuka tohu i ngā tohu hiko ngoikore ki ngā putanga paerewa. Ko ngā pūoko EC e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā pāmu Kazakh he maha ngā wā ka whakamahi i tētahi hoahoa irahiko-whā, e rua ngā irahiko e whakamahi ana i te iahiko pumau, ā, ko ētahi atu e rua e ine ana i ngā rerekētanga ngaohiko. Mā tēnei hoahoa ka whakakorea te pokanoa mai i te pōraruraru irahiko me te pūmanawa ā-mata, ka whakapai ake i te tika o te ine, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao ahuwhenua he nui ngā rerekētanga tote.

He āhuatanga hangarau nui te whakaōrite pāmahana o ngā pūoko EC, nā te mea he nui te pānga o te pāmahana wai ki ngā uara EC. Ko ngā pūoko EC hou he maha ngā wā kei roto ngā whakamātautau pāmahana tino tika e whakaōrite aunoa ana i ngā inenga ki ngā uara ōrite i te pāmahana paerewa (25°C te nuinga) mā roto i ngā rauropi, kia taea ai te whakataurite i ngā raraunga. I runga i te tūnga o Kazakhstan ki uta, ngā rerekētanga pāmahana nui o te rā, me ngā huringa pāmahana tino nui o te wā, he mea tino nui tēnei mahi whakaōrite pāmahana aunoa. Ka tukuna hoki e ngā tuku whakawhiti EC ahumahi mai i ngā kaihanga pēnei i a Shandong Renke te whakawhiti whakaōrite pāmahana ā-ringa me te aunoa, e āhei ai te urutau ngāwari ki ngā āhuatanga ahuwhenua rerekē i Kazakhstan.

Mai i te tirohanga whakauru pūnaha, ko ngā pūoko EC i roto i ngā pāmu ahumoana o Kazakhstan e mahi ana hei wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha aroturuki kounga wai maha-tawhā. Haunga te EC, ka whakauruhia e ēnei pūnaha ngā mahi aroturuki mō ngā tawhā kounga wai nui pēnei i te hāora rewa (DO), te pH, te pūmanawa whakaiti-hauota (ORP), te paru, me te hauota haukini. Ka tukuna ngā raraunga mai i ngā momo pūoko mā te pahi CAN, mā ngā hangarau whakawhitiwhiti ahokore rānei (hei tauira, TurMass, GSM) ki tētahi kaiwhakahaere pokapū, kātahi ka tukuatu ki tētahi tūāpapa kapua hei tātari me te rokiroki. Mā ngā otinga IoT mai i ngā kamupene pēnei i a Weihai Jingxun Changtong ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te tiro i ngā raraunga kounga wai wā-tūturu mā ngā taupānga waea atamai me te whiwhi whakatūpato mō ngā tawhā rerekē, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere.

Ripanga: Ngā Tawhā Hangarau Noa o ngā Pūoko EC Ahuwhenua

I roto i ngā mahi a Kazakhstan, he rerekē anō hoki ngā tikanga tāutanga pūoko EC. Mō ngā pāmu nui o waho, he maha ngā wā ka tāutahia ngā pūoko mā roto i ngā tikanga e hangai ana ki te pōito, mā roto rānei i ngā tikanga whakairinga pumau hei whakarite i ngā wāhi ine e tika ana. I roto i ngā pūnaha whakatipu ika hurihanga-anō o te wheketere (RAS), he mea noa te tāutanga paipa, e aroturuki tika ana i ngā huringa kounga wai i mua atu, i muri hoki i te maimoatanga. Ka tukuna anō hoki e ngā aroturuki EC ahumahi ipurangi mai i Gandon Technology ngā kōwhiringa tāutanga rere-mā roto, e tika ana mō ngā āhuatanga ahuwhenua kiato nui e hiahia ana kia aroturuki tonu te wai. I te mea he tino makariri te hotoke i ētahi rohe o Kazakhstan, kua rite ngā pūoko EC teitei ki ngā hoahoa ārai-huka hei whakarite i te mahi pono i roto i ngā pāmahana iti.

Ko te tiaki i ngā pūoko he mea nui hei whakarite i te pono o te aroturukitanga mō te wā roa. Ko tētahi wero noa e pā ana ki ngā pāmu o Kazakhstan ko te biofouling—te tipu o te rimurimu, te huakita, me ētahi atu moroiti i runga i ngā mata o ngā pūoko, e pā ana ki te tika o te ine. Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka whakamahia e ngā pūoko EC hou ngā hoahoa auaha, pērā i ngā pūnaha horoi-ake a Shandong Renke me ngā hangarau ine e hangai ana ki te fluorescence, e whakaiti nui ana i te auau tiaki. Mō ngā pūoko kāore he mahi horoi-ake, ka taea e ngā "maunga horoi-ake" motuhake kua rite ki ngā paraihe miihini, ki te horoi ultrasonic rānei te horoi i ngā mata hiko i ia wā. Mā ēnei whanaketanga hangarau ka taea e ngā pūoko EC te mahi pumau ahakoa i ngā rohe tawhiti o Kazakhstan, ka whakaitihia te wawaotanga ā-ringa.

I roto i ngā whanaketanga o ngā hangarau IoT me te AI, kei te whanake haere ngā pūoko EC mai i ngā taputapu ine noa iho ki ngā pūnga whakatau atamai. Ko tētahi tauira nui ko eKoral, he pūnaha i whakawhanakehia e Haobo International, e kore e aroturuki noa i ngā tawhā kounga wai engari e whakamahi ana hoki i ngā rauropi ako mīhini hei matapae i ngā au me te whakarerekē aunoa i ngā taputapu hei pupuri i ngā āhuatanga ahuwhenua pai rawa atu. He mea nui tēnei panonitanga atamai mō te whanaketanga pumau o te umanga ahumoana o Kazakhstan, e āwhina ana i ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe ki te wikitoria i ngā āputa wheako hangarau me te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa me te kounga hua.

Tono Aroturuki EC i tētahi Pāmu Sturgeon o te Moana Caspian

Ko te rohe o te Moana Caspian, tētahi o ngā pūtake ahuwhenua ika tino nui o Kazakhstan, e rongonui ana mō āna mahi ahuwhenua sturgeon kounga teitei me te whakaputa caviar. Heoi, i ngā tau tata nei, ko te pikinga o ngā pikinga tote i te Moana Caspian, me te parahanga ahumahi, kua raru nui ki te ahuwhenua sturgeon. Nā tētahi pāmu sturgeon nui e tata ana ki Aktau i tīmata te whakaurunga o tētahi pūnaha pūoko EC, ā, i angitu te aro atu ki ēnei huringa taiao mā te aroturuki wā-tūturu me ngā whakatikatika tika, ā, ka noho hei tauira mō te ahuwhenua ika hou i Kazakhstan.

E 50 heketea te whānui o te pāmu, e whakamahi ana i tētahi pūnaha ahuwhenua ā-kati-haurua, ko te nuinga mō ngā momo nui te uara pērā i te sturgeon Rūhia me te sturgeon whetu. I mua i te whakamahi i te aroturuki EC, i whakawhirinaki katoa te pāmu ki te tauira ā-ringa me te tātari taiwhanga, ā, i hua ake ai he whakaroa nui o ngā raraunga me te kore e taea te aro wawe ki ngā huringa kounga wai. I te tau 2019, i mahi tahi te pāmu me Haobo International ki te whakatinana i tētahi pūnaha aroturuki kounga wai atamai e hangai ana ki te IoT, me ngā pūoko EC hei wāhanga matua kua whakanohoia ki ngā wāhi matua pērā i ngā tomokanga wai, ngā roto pāmu, me ngā putanga waikeri. Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha te tuku ahokore TurMass hei tuku raraunga wā-tūturu ki tētahi rūma whakahaere matua me ngā taupānga pūkoro a ngā kaimahi pāmu, ka taea ai te aroturuki 24/7, kāore he aukati.

Hei ika euryhaline, ka taea e te sturgeon Caspian te urutau ki ngā momo rerekētanga tote, engari ko te taiao tipu pai rawa atu me whai uara EC i waenga i te 12,000–14,000 μS/cm. Ko ngā rerekētanga mai i tēnei awhe ka puta he ahotea ā-tinana, ka pā ki ngā tere tipu me te kounga o te caviar. Mā te aroturuki tonu i te EC, i kitea e ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ngā rerekētanga nui o te tote o te wai e tomo mai ana i ngā wā o te tau: i te wā o te hukarere o te kōanga, ko te pikinga o te rerenga mai o te wai māori mai i te Awa o Volga me ētahi atu awa i whakaiti i ngā uara EC takutai ki raro iho i te 10,000 μS/cm, i te mea ko te mimiti nui o te raumati ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā uara EC ki runga ake i te 16,000 μS/cm. I warewarehia ēnei rerekētanga i mua, ā, ka hua ake te tipu koretake o te sturgeon.

Ripanga: Whakataurite i ngā Pānga o te Taupānga Aroturuki EC i te Pāmu Sturgeon Caspian

I runga i ngā raraunga EC wā-tūturu, i whakatinanahia e te pāmu ētahi mahi whakatikatika tika. I te hekenga o ngā uara EC i raro i te awhe pai, ka whakaitihia aunoatia e te pūnaha te rere mai o te wai māori, ā, ka whakahohehia te tukurua anō hei whakanui ake i te wā pupuri wai. I te teitei rawa o ngā uara EC, ka whakanuia te tāpiringa wai māori, ka whakarei ake hoki i te hau. Ko ēnei whakatikatika, i ahu mai i te whakatau ā-wheako i mua, ināianei kua tautokona e ngā raraunga pūtaiao, ka whakapai ake i te wā me te nui o ngā whakatikatika. E ai ki ngā pūrongo pāmu, i muri i te whakamahi i te aroturukitanga EC, ka piki ake ngā tere tipu o te sturgeon mā te 28%, ka piki ake ngā hua caviar kounga teitei mai i te 65% ki te 82%, ā, ka heke te mate nā ngā take kounga wai mai i te 12% ki te 4%.

I whai wāhi nui anō hoki te aroturukitanga EC ki te whakatūpato wawe i te parahanga. I te raumati o te tau 2021, i kitea e ngā pūoko EC ngā pikinga rerekē o ngā uara EC o te roto i tua atu i ngā pikinga noa. I tukuna tonutia e te pūnaha he whakatūpato, ā, i tere te tautuhi a ngā tohunga hangarau i te turuturu waipara mai i tētahi wheketere tata. Nā te kitenga i te wā tika, i wehea e te pāmu te roto i pāngia, ā, i whakahohehia ngā pūnaha purenga ohorere, me te karo i ngā mate nui. Whai muri i tēnei aituā, i mahi tahi ngā tari taiao ā-rohe me te pāmu ki te whakatū i tētahi whatunga whakatūpato kounga wai ā-rohe e hangai ana ki te aroturukitanga EC, e kapi ana i ngā rohe takutai whānui.

Mō te whai huatanga o te pūngao, he nui ngā painga i puta mai i te pūnaha aroturuki EC. I ngā wā o mua, i nui rawa te whakawhiti wai a te pāmu hei ārai, ā, he nui te pūngao i maumauria. Mā te aroturuki EC tika, i arotauhia e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā rautaki whakawhiti wai, me te hanga whakarerekētanga i ngā wā e tika ana anake. I whakaatuhia e ngā raraunga kua heke te whakamahinga pūngao papu a te pāmu mā te 35%, ā, kua penapenahia te $25,000 ia tau i roto i ngā utu hiko. I tua atu, nā te pumau o ngā āhuatanga wai, i pai ake te whakamahinga o te whāngai sturgeon, ā, kua whakaitihia ngā utu whāngai mā te 15%.

I pāngia hoki tēnei rangahau take e ngā wero hangarau. Nā te nui o te tote o te Moana Caspian i hiahiatia he pakari rawa o te pūoko, ā, i roto i ngā marama ka waikura ngā irahiko pūoko tuatahi. Whai muri i ngā whakapainga mā te whakamahi i ngā irahiko koranu titanium motuhake me ngā whare tiaki whakarei ake, ka roa ake te roa o te ora ki te neke atu i te toru tau. Ko tētahi atu wero ko te hukapapa o te takurua, i pā ki te mahi a te pūoko. Ko te otinga ko te tāuta i ngā whakamahana iti me ngā pōito ārai-hukapapa ki ngā wāhi aroturuki matua hei whakarite kia mahi tonu i te tau katoa.

E whakaatu ana tēnei tono aroturuki EC i te āhua o te whakarerekētanga o ngā mahi ahuwhenua tuku iho e te auahatanga hangarau. I kī te kaiwhakahaere pāmu, "I mahi mātou i te pōuri i mua, engari me ngā raraunga EC wā-tūturu, he rite ki te whai 'kanohi i raro i te wai'—ka taea e mātou te mārama me te whakahaere i te taiao o te sturgeon." Nā te angitu o tēnei take i aro mai ai ētahi atu umanga ahuwhenua o Kazakhstan, me te whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko EC puta noa i te motu. I te tau 2023, i whakawhanakehia e te Manatū Ahuwhenua o Kazakhstan ngā paerewa ahumahi mō te aroturuki kounga wai ahumoana i runga i tēnei take, me te tono kia whakauruhia e ngā pāmu waenga me te nui ngā taputapu aroturuki EC taketake.

Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Tote i te Whānau Ika o te Roto o Balkhash

Ko te roto o Balkhash, he wai nui i te tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Kazakhstan, he taiao whakaputa uri pai mō ngā momo ika arumoni nā tōna rauropi ahurei, he wai tote. Heoi, ko tētahi āhuatanga motuhake o te roto ko tōna rerekētanga nui o te tote i waenganui i te rawhiti me te hauauru—ko te rohe hauauru, e whāngaihia ana e te awa o Ili me ētahi atu puna wai māori, he iti te tote (EC ≈ 300–500 μS/cm), ko te rohe rawhiti, kāore he putanga, ka kohia te tote (EC ≈ 5,000–6,000 μS/cm). He wero motuhake tēnei pikinga tote mō ngā wāhi whakaputa ika, e akiaki ana i ngā umanga ahuwhenua ā-rohe ki te tūhura i ngā tono auaha o te hangarau pūoko EC.

Ko te wāhi whakatupu ika "Aksu", kei te takutai hauauru o te roto o Balkhash, te pūtake whakaputa parai nui rawa atu o te rohe, e whakatipu ana i ngā momo wai māori pēnei i te kāpa, te kāpa hiriwa, me te kāpa upoko nui, me te whakamātautau anō hoki i ngā ika motuhake kua urutau ki te wai mātao. I pāngia ngā tikanga whakatupu ika tuku iho e te koretake o te tere whakatupu, inā koa i te wā rewa hukarere o te kōanga i te wā i puta ai ngā piki me ngā heke o te EC o te wai e tomo mai ana i te awa o Ili (200–800 μS/cm), ā, he tino pā ki te whanaketanga o te hua me te oranga o ngā parai. I te tau 2022, i whakauruhia e te wāhi whakatupu he pūnaha whakahaere tote aunoa i runga i ngā pūoko EC, i tino whakarerekē i tēnei āhuatanga.

Ka whakamahia e te pūtake o te pūnaha ngā tuku EC ahumahi a Shandong Renke, e whakaatu ana i te whānuitanga 0–20,000 μS/cm me te tika teitei ±1%, he mea tino pai mō te taiao tote rerekē o te roto o Balkhash. Ka whakatinanahia te whatunga pūoko ki ngā wāhi matua pēnei i ngā awaawa tomo, ngā tāke whakatipu, me ngā puna wai, ka tukuna ngā raraunga mā te pahi CAN ki tētahi kaiwhakahaere pokapū e hono ana ki ngā taputapu whakaranu wai māori/roto mō te whakatikatika tote i te wā tūturu. Ka whakauruhia hoki e te pūnaha te aroturukitanga pāmahana, te hāora rewa, me ētahi atu tawhā, e whakarato ana i te tautoko raraunga whānui mō te whakahaere i ngā wāhi whakatupu hua manu.

He tino pāngia te whakatō hua ika e ngā panoni tote. Hei tauira, ka pai te pao o ngā hua kāpa i roto i te awhe EC o te 300–400 μS/cm, ā, mā te rerekētanga ka iti ake te tere pao me te tere piki ake o te āhua. Mā te aroturuki tonu i te EC, i kitea e ngā tohunga hangarau he nui ake ngā panoni EC o te tāke whakatō i ngā tumanakohanga i roto i ngā tikanga tuku iho, inā koa i ngā wā whakawhiti wai, tae atu ki te ±150 μS/cm. I tutuki i te pūnaha hou te tika o te whakatikatika ±10 μS/cm, ka piki ake te tere pao toharite mai i te 65% ki te 88% me te whakaiti i ngā āhua mai i te 12% ki raro iho i te 4%. Nā tēnei whakapainga i tino whakapiki ake i te pai o te whakaputa parai me ngā hokinga mai ohaoha.

I te wā e whakatipu ana i ngā kōura, i kitea he rite tonu te whai hua o te aroturukitanga EC. Ka whakamahia e te wāhi whakatupu uri te urutaunga tote āta haere hei whakarite i ngā kōura mō te tuku ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te roto o Balkhash. Mā te whakamahi i te whatunga pūoko EC, ka whakahaere tika ngā tohunga hangarau i ngā pikinga tote puta noa i ngā roto whakatipu, ka neke mai i te wai māori parakore (EC ≈ 300 μS/cm) ki te wai māori (EC ≈ 3,000 μS/cm). Nā tēnei taunga tika i whakapai ake i te oranga o ngā kōura mā te 30–40%, inā koa mō ngā puranga i tukuna ki ngā rohe rawhiti o te roto he nui ake te tote.

I āwhina hoki ngā raraunga aroturuki EC ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi wai. Kei te raru te rohe o te roto o Balkhash i te korenga o te wai, ā, i whakawhirinaki nui ngā whare whakatupu uri tuku iho ki te wai whenua mō te whakatikatika i te tote, he mea utu nui, ā, kāore i te pumau. Mā te tātari i ngā raraunga pūoko EC o mua, i whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga hangarau he tauira whakaranu wai roto-whenua tino pai, me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga wai whenua mā te 60% me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te whare whakatupu uri, me te penapena i te $12,000 ia tau. I whakatairangahia tēnei mahi e ngā tari taiao ā-rohe hei tauira mō te tiaki wai.

Ko tētahi tono auaha i tēnei take ko te whakauru i te aroturukitanga EC me ngā raraunga huarere hei hanga tauira matapae. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia te rohe o te roto o Balkhash e te ua nui me te rewa hukarere i te puna, ka puta ai ngā ngaru rere ohorere o te awa o Ili ka pā ki te tote o te tomokanga o te whare whakatupu hua manu. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga whatunga pūoko EC me ngā matapae huarere, ka matapae te pūnaha i ngā huringa tomokanga EC 24–48 hāora i mua, ka whakarerekē aunoa i ngā ōwehenga whakaranu hei whakahaere matatau. I kitea he mea nui tēnei mahi i te wā o ngā waipuke o te puna 2023, me te pupuri i ngā reiti whakatupu hua manu ki runga ake i te 85% i te mea i heke iho ngā whare whakatupu hua manu tuku iho i raro i te 50%.

I pāngia te kaupapa e ngā wero urutau. He nui ngā kukū o te warowaihā me te whanariki i roto i te wai o te roto o Balkhash, ka hua ake te tauine hiko e whakararu ana i te tika o te ine. Ko te otinga he whakamahi i ngā hiko ārai-tauine motuhake me ngā tikanga horoi aunoa e mahi ana i te horoi miihini i ia 12 hāora. Hei tāpiri, he nui ngā plankton i roto i te roto i piri ki ngā mata o ngā pūoko, i whakaitihia mā te arotau i ngā wāhi tāutanga (te karo i ngā wāhi koiora nui) me te tāpiri i te whakahoromata UV.

Ko te angitu o te whare whakatupu ika "Aksu" e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te hangarau pūoko EC ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o te mahi ahuwhenua ika i roto i ngā taiao taiao ahurei. I kī te tumuaki kaupapa, "Ko ngā āhuatanga tote o te roto o Balkhash te mea nui rawa atu ki a mātou i mua, engari ināianei he painga whakahaere pūtaiao - mā te whakahaere tika i te EC, ka hangaia e mātou he taiao pai mō ngā momo ika me ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē." Ka tukuna e tēnei take he māramatanga whai hua mō te mahi ahuwhenua ika i roto i ngā roto rite, inā koa ko ērā he rerekētanga tote, he rerekētanga tote rānei i ngā wā.

Ka taea hoki e mātou te whakarato i ngā momo otinga mō

1. Mita ringaringa mō te kounga wai maha-tawhā

2. Pūnaha Puai Mānu mō te kounga wai maha-taumata

3. Paraihe horoi aunoa mō te pūoko wai maha-tawhā

4. He huinga katoa o ngā tūmau me te pūmanawa ahokore, e tautoko ana i te RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN

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