Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Mahi Auaha o ngā Mīhini Horoi Panel Photovoltaic i Saudi Arabia

Hei tētahi o ngā whenua he nui rawa ngā rauemi pūngao rā o te ao, kei te kaha te whakawhanake a Saudi Arabia i tana umanga whakaputa hiko photovoltaic hei akiaki i te panonitanga hanganga pūngao. Heoi, ko ngā awha onepu maha i ngā rohe koraha ka nui te kohikohinga puehu i runga i ngā mata o ngā papa PV, ka tino whakaiti i te pai o te whakaputa hiko—he mea matua e aukati ana i ngā painga ōhanga o ngā tipu hiko rā. Ka tātarihia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o te tono o nāianei o ngā mīhini horoi papa PV i Saudi Arabia, me te arotahi ki te pehea e aro ai ngā otinga horoi atamai i whakawhanakehia e ngā kamupene hangarau Hainamana ki ngā wero o ngā taiao koraha tino kino. Mā roto i ngā rangahau take maha, ka whakaatuhia ō rātou painga hangarau me ngā painga ōhanga. Mai i te takutai moana Whero ki te tāone NEOM, me ngā huinga PV pumau tuku iho ki ngā pūnaha aroturuki, kei te whakahouhia e ēnei taputapu horoi atamai ngā tauira tiaki PV o Saudi Arabia me ō rātou āhuatanga tino pai, ngā āhuatanga penapena wai, me ngā āheinga aunoa, me te whakarato i ngā tauira hangarau ka taea te tārua mō te whanaketanga pūngao whakahou puta noa i te Middle East.

Ngā Wero o te Puehu me ngā Hiahia Horoi i te Ahumahi PV o Saudi Arabia

He tino pai ngā rauemi pūngao rā o Saudi Arabia, me ngā hāora whiti o te rā e neke atu ana i te 3,000, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa PV ariā e eke ana ki te 2,200 TWh/tau, koia tētahi o ngā rohe tino whai hua o te ao mō te whanaketanga PV. Mā te rautaki ā-motu "Vision 2030", kei te tere ake te whakatinanatanga o te pūngao whakahou a Saudi Arabia, me te whai kia 58.7 GW o te kaha whakahou i te tau 2030, ko te PV rā te nuinga o te hea. Heoi, ahakoa he nui te wāhi e whakaratohia ana e te whenua koraha whānui o Saudi Arabia mō ngā tipu rā, he wero whakahaere ahurei anō hoki - ko te kohikohi puehu ka arahi ki te ngaronga o te whai huatanga.

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i ētahi wāhi o te Peninsula Arapia, ka taea e ngā panera PV te ngaro i te 0.4–0.8% o te whakaputanga hiko o ia rā nā te parahanga puehu, ā, ka neke atu pea i te 60% ngā ngaronga i ngā wā o te awha onepu nui. Ka pā tika tēnei hekenga whai hua ki ngā hokinga mai ohaoha o ngā tipu PV, ka waiho te horoinga mōrahi hei wāhanga matua o te tiaki PV koraha. Ka pā te puehu ki ngā panera PV mā roto i ngā tikanga matua e toru: tuatahi, ka āraihia e ngā matūriki puehu te hihi o te rā, ka whakaitihia te mimiti photon e ngā pūtau rā; tuarua, ka hangaia e ngā paparanga puehu he arai wera, ka whakanui ake i ngā pāmahana mōrahi me te whakaiti ake i te whai huatanga o te huringa; tuatoru, ka taea e ngā wāhanga waikura i roto i ētahi puehu te whakararu roa i ngā mata karāhe me ngā anga whakarewa.

Nā ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi ahurei o Saudi Arabia i whakanui ake i tēnei raruraru. Ehara i te mea ko te puehu matotoru anake te mea e pāngia ana e te rohe takutai moana o te Moana Whero i te taha hauauru o Saudi Arabia, engari ko te hau tote nui hoki, ka hua ake he ranunga tote-puehu piri ki ngā mata o ngā waeine. He maha ngā awha onepu e pāngia ana e te rohe rawhiti, ka taea te whakatakoto i ngā paparanga puehu matotoru ki runga i ngā panera PV i roto i ngā wā poto. Hei tāpiri, e pāngia ana a Saudi Arabia e te korenga o te wai, me te 70% o te wai inu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tango tote, ka nui te utu, ka kore hoki e pumau ngā tikanga horoi ā-ringa tuku iho. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka nui ake te hiahia mō ngā otinga horoi PV aunoa, whai hua ki te wai.

Ripanga: Te Whakataurite i ngā Āhuatanga o te Parahanga o te Panel PV i ngā Rohe Rerekē o Saudi Arabia

Hei whakatika i tēnei raruraru o te ahumahi, kei te neke te mākete PV o Saudi Arabia mai i te horoi ā-ringa ki te horoi aunoa atamai. He mārama ngā herenga o ngā tikanga ā-ringa tuku iho i Saudi Arabia: i tētahi taha, he tino teitei ngā utu mahi nā ngā wāhi koraha tawhiti; i tētahi atu taha, ka ārai te korenga o te wai i te whakamahinga nui o te horoi pehanga teitei. E whakaatu ana ngā whakatau tata i roto i ngā tipu tawhiti, ka eke te utu horoi ā-ringa ki te $12,000 ia MW ia tau, me te nui o te wai e pau ana i te wā kotahi e taupatupatu ana ki ngā rautaki tiaki wai o Saudi Arabia. He rerekē, he nui ngā painga o ngā karetao horoi aunoa, e penapena ana i te 90% o ngā utu mahi me te arotau i te whakamahinga wai mā te whakahaere tika i te auau me te kaha o te horoi.

E mōhio ana te kāwanatanga me te rāngai tūmataiti o Saudi Arabia ki te hiranga o ngā hangarau horoi atamai, me te whakatenatena i ngā otinga aunoa i roto i te Kaupapa Pūngao Whakahou ā-Motu (NREP). Nā tēnei aronga kaupapa here i tere ake ai te whakauru i ngā karetao horoi i roto i ngā mākete PV o Saudi Arabia. Ko ngā kamupene hangarau Hainamana, me ā rātou hua kua pakeke me te wheako whānui ki te tono koraha, kua noho hei kaiwhakarato matua i roto i te mākete horoi PV o Saudi Arabia. Hei tauira, kua whiwhi a Renoglean Technology, he hoa rauropi o Sungrow, i neke atu i te 13 GW o ngā ota karetao horoi i te Middle East, ā, kua puta hei kaiārahi mākete i Saudi Arabia mō ngā otinga horoi atamai.

Mai i te tirohanga whanaketanga hangarau, e toru ngā au e kitea ana i te mākete horoi PV o Saudi Arabia: tuatahi, te whanaketanga mai i te horoi mahi-kotahi ki ngā mahi whakauru, me ngā karetao e whakauru ana i ngā āheinga tirotiro me te kimi i ngā wāhi wera; tuarua, he nekehanga mai i ngā otinga kawemai ki ngā urutau ā-rohe, me ngā hua kua whakaritea mō ngā āhuarangi o Saudi; tuatoru, te ahunga whakamua mai i te mahi takitahi ki te mahi tahi pūnaha, me te whakauru hohonu ki ngā pūnaha aroturuki me ngā papaaho O&M atamai. Ka akiaki ngātahi ēnei au i te tiaki PV o Saudi Arabia ki te whanaketanga atamai me te whai hua, e whakarato ana i te whakapumautanga hangarau mō te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga pūngao whakahou i raro i te "Vision 2030."

Ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau me te Hanganga Pūnaha o ngā Rōpoti Horoi PV

Ko ngā karetao horoi atamai PV, hei otinga hangarau mō ngā taiao koraha o Saudi Arabia, ka whakauru i ngā auahatanga puta noa i te miihini, te pūtaiao rauemi, me ngā hangarau IoT. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tikanga horoi tuku iho, he nui ngā painga hangarau o ngā pūnaha karetao hou, me ngā hoahoa matua e aro ana ki ngā whāinga e whā: te tango puehu whai hua, te tiaki wai, te whakahaere atamai, me te pono. I raro i te āhuarangi koraha tino kino o Saudi Arabia, he tino hira ēnei āhuatanga, e pā tika ana ki ngā utu tiaki mō te wā roa me ngā moni whiwhi whakaputa hiko.

Mai i te tirohanga miihini, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o ngā karetao horoi mō te mākete o Saudi Arabia: he mea whakairi ki runga i te reriwe me he mea whakatere-ake. Ko ngā karetao whakairi ki runga i te reriwe he mea whakapiri ki ngā tautoko PV, ka kapi katoa te mata mā roto i ngā reriwe, i ngā pūnaha taura rānei—he mea pai mō ngā tipu whenua nui. He nui ake te nekenekehanga o ngā karetao whakatere-ake, he mea tika mō te PV tuanui kua tohatohahia, mō te whenua uaua rānei. Mō ngā kōwae mata-rua me ngā pūnaha aroturuki e whakamahia whānuitia ana i Saudi Arabia, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kaihanga matua pērā i a Renoglean ngā karetao motuhake e whakaatu ana i te "hangarau piriti" ahurei e āhei ai te taunga hihiri i waenga i ngā pūnaha horoi me ngā tikanga aroturuki, e whakarite ana i te horoinga whai hua ahakoa ka whakatikatikahia ngā koki e ngā rarangi.

Ko ngā wāhanga matua o ngā tikanga horoi ko ngā paraihe hurihuri, ngā taputapu tango puehu, ngā pūnaha taraiwa, me ngā waeine whakahaere. Nā ngā tono a te mākete o Saudi Arabia i akiaki te auahatanga tonu i roto i ēnei wāhanga: he pai te tango a ngā paraihe hiato tino pai me te muka-waro i te puehu tote piri me te kore e rakuraku i ngā mata o te waeine; ka whakarite ngā peera whakahinuhinu-ake me ngā motuka hiri i te pono mō te wā roa i roto i ngā taiao onepu; ka whakakorea e ngā pupuhi hau pēhanga teitei te paru uaua me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga wai. Kei roto hoki i te tauira PR200 a Renoglean he pūnaha paraihe "horoi-ake" e tango aunoa ana i te puehu kua kohia i te wā e whakamahia ana, e pupuri ana i te mahi horoi tonu.

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He pono te mahi a ngā pūnaha taraiwa me te hiko. Ko te nui o te rā o Saudi Arabia e tuku ana i ngā āhuatanga pai mō ngā karetao horoi hiko-rā. Ko te nuinga o ngā tauira e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha hiko takirua e whakakotahi ana i ngā panera PV tino pai me ngā pākahiko lithium, e whakarite ana i te mahi i ngā rā kapua. Hei whakatau i te wera nui o te raumati, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā kaihanga matua ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera pākahiko ahurei ma te whakamahi i ngā rauemi huringa-wāhanga me te whakamatao kaha hei pupuri i ngā pāmahana mahi haumaru, e whakaroa ana i te roa o te pākahiko. Mō ngā motuka taraiwa, ko ngā motuka DC kore paraihe (BLDC) te mea e pai ake ana mō ō rātou mahi tino pai me te iti o te tiaki, e mahi tahi ana me ngā whakaiti tika hei tuku i te kaha ki runga i te whenua onepu.

Ko ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai te "roro" o te karetao, ā, koia te tino rerekētanga hangarau. He maha ngā pūoko taiao kei roto i ngā karetao horoi hou e aroturuki ana i te kohikohinga puehu, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, me te pāmahana o te waeine i te wā tūturu. Ka whakarerekētia e ngā rauropi AI ngā rautaki horoi i runga i ēnei raraunga, ka neke mai i te horoi kua whakaritea ki te horoi i runga i te tono. Hei tauira, ka whakanuia te horoi i mua i ngā awha onepu me te whakaroa i ngā wā i muri i te ua. Ka tautokohia hoki e te "Pūnaha Whakahaere Whakawhitiwhiti Kapua" a Renoglean te whakaritenga maha-karetao taumata-tipu, ka karo i te whakararuraru whakaputa hiko koretake mai i ngā mahi horoi. Mā ēnei āhuatanga atamai ka taea e ngā karetao horoi te pupuri i te mahi tino pai ahakoa te rerekētanga o te āhuarangi o Saudi Arabia.

Kua arotauhia hoki te hoahoa whatunga mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakahaere raraunga mō ngā āhuatanga o Saudi Arabia. I te mea he maha ngā tipu PV nui kei ngā wāhi koraha tawhiti me ngā hanganga ngoikore, ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha karetao horoi te whatunga ranu: tawhiti-poto mā LoRa, Zigbee rānei, tawhiti-roa mā 4G/amiorangi. Mō te haumarutanga raraunga, ka tautokohia e ngā pūnaha te rokiroki whakamuna ā-rohe me te tārua kapua, e tutuki ana i ngā ture raraunga e kaha haere ana te kaha o Saudi Arabia. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te aroturuki i ngā karetao katoa i te wā tūturu mā ngā taupānga pūkoro, ngā papaaho tukutuku rānei, te whiwhi i ngā matohi hapa, me te whakarerekē mamao i ngā tawhā—ka tino whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere.

Mō te hoahoa pakari, kua arotauhia ngā karetao horoi mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi ki te maimoatanga mata mō ngā taiao pāmahana teitei, haumākū teitei, me te tote teitei o Saudi Arabia. Ka whakaanotia ngā anga konumohe, ka whakamahia e ngā hononga matua te kowiri tira hei ātete i te waikura tote o te takutai moana o te Moana Whero; ka tutuki ngā wāhanga hiko katoa i ngā paerewa tiaki ahumahi me te hiri pai ki te urunga o te onepu; ka mau tonu te ngāwari o ngā ara rapa, ngā potae rānei i hangaia motuhake i te wera nui, ka ārai i te koroheketanga o ngā rauemi mai i ngā huringa pāmahana o te koraha. Mā ēnei hoahoa ka taea e ngā karetao horoi te whakatutuki i te wā toharite i waenga i ngā rahunga (MTBF) neke atu i te 10,000 hāora i roto i ngā āhuatanga kino o Saudi Arabia, ka whakaiti nui i ngā utu tiaki huringa ora.

Ko te angitu o te whakamahinga o ngā karetao horoi PV i Saudi Arabia e whakawhirinaki ana hoki ki ngā pūnaha ratonga ā-rohe. Kua whakatūhia e ngā kaihanga matua pērā i a Renoglean ngā whare putunga wāhanga tāpui me ngā pokapū whakangungu hangarau i Saudi Arabia, e whakawhanake ana i ngā tīma tiaki ā-rohe kia tere ai te urupare. Hei whakauru i ngā mahi ahurea o Saudi Arabia, kei te wātea ngā atanga me ngā tuhinga i roto i te reo Ārapi, me ngā wātaka tiaki kua arotauhia mō ngā hararei Ihirama. Ko tēnei rautaki hohonu mō te rohe ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i te pai o te kiritaki engari ka whakatakoto hoki i tētahi turanga pakari mō te whakawhānui tonu i ngā hangarau horoi atamai Hainamana i ngā mākete o te Waenganui Rawhiti.

I te whanaketanga o te AI me te IoT, kei te whanake haere ngā karetao horoi PV mai i ngā taputapu horoi māmā ki ngā pūnga O&M atamai. Inaianei, kei roto i ngā hua o te whakatupuranga hou ngā taputapu tātaritanga pēnei i ngā kāmera whakaahua wera me ngā matawai pihi IV, e mahi ana i ngā tirotiro hauora o ngā wāhanga i te wā e horoi ana; ka tātarihia e ngā rauropi ako mīhini ngā raraunga horoi mō te wā roa hei matapae i ngā tauira kohikohi puehu me te hekenga o te mahi o te waeine. Ka whakanuia e ēnei mahi whānui te tūranga o ngā karetao horoi i roto i ngā tipu PV o Saudi Arabia, ka huri haere i a rātou mai i ngā pokapū utu ki ngā kaihanga uara e tuku ana i ngā hokinga atu mō ngā kaipupuri moni tipu.

Te tono horoi atamai i te tipu PV takutai moana whero

Ko te Kaupapa PV Moana Whero 400 MW, hei tipu hiko pūngao rā nui i Saudi Arabia, i tūtaki ki ngā wero tote teitei me te haumākū teitei o te rohe, ā, koinei te tauira nui mō te hangarau horoi atamai Hainamana i Saudi Arabia. I whakawhanakehia e ACWA Power, ko te kaupapa he wāhanga matua o ngā mahere pūngao whakahou "Vision 2030" a Saudi. He tino ahurei ngā āhuatanga o tōna taunga: neke atu i te 30°C te pāmahana toharite ā-tau, neke atu i te 60% te haumākū whanaunga, ā, ka ngāwari te hanga i ngā kirinuku puehu tote uaua ki runga i ngā panera PV - ngā āhuatanga e kore ai e whai hua, e utu nui hoki ngā tikanga horoi tuku iho.

I te aro atu ki ēnei wero, i te mutunga ka tangohia e te kaupapa te otinga horoi ritenga a Renonglean i runga i ngā karetao horoi PV raupapa-PR, me te whakauru i ngā auahatanga hangarau maha mō ngā taiao tote-nui: ko ngā anga koranu titanium ātete-waikura me ngā peera hiri e ārai ana i te kino o te tote ki ngā wāhanga nui; ko ngā muka paraihe kua rongoatia motuhake ka ārai i te mimiti o te matūriki tote me te poke tuarua i te wā horoi; i tāpirihia e ngā pūnaha whakahaere ngā pūoko haumākū hei whakarite aunoa i te kaha horoi i raro i te haumākū teitei mō ngā hua tino pai. He mea nui, i whiwhi ngā karetao horoi o te kaupapa i te tiwhikete anti-waikura teitei rawa atu o te umanga PV o te ao, e tohu ana i te otinga horoi hangarau matatau rawa atu o te Middle East i taua wā.

I whakaatuhia e te whakatinanatanga o te pūnaha horoi o te kaupapa Moana Whero te tino āheinga hangarau. Nā ngā turanga takutai ngohengohe i kore ai e tau te taunga i ētahi paparanga, ā, ka rerekē te papatahi o te rēriwe tae atu ki te ±15 cm. I whakawhanakehia e te tīma hangarau a Renoglean ngā pūnaha whakatārewatanga urutau e āhei ai ngā karetao horoi ki te mahi maeneene puta noa i ēnei rerekētanga teitei, kia kore ai e pāngia e te whenua te hipoki horoi. I whakamahia hoki e te pūnaha ngā hoahoa modular, me ngā wae karetao takitahi e kapi ana i ngā wāhanga paparanga tata ki te 100 mita—ka taea e ngā wae te mahi takitahi, te whakarite rānei mā te mana whakahaere pokapū mō te whakahaere pai o te tipu katoa. Nā tēnei hoahoa ngāwari i āwhina nui te whakawhānui ake i te heke mai, e āhei ai te kaha o te pūnaha horoi ki te tipu tahi me te kaha o te tipu.

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