Ko Saudi Arabia, he pūngao hiko o te ao, he ōhanga hoki e kaha ana te huri i raro i tana kaupapa "Vision 2030", e aro nui ana ki te haumaru, te whai huatanga o te mahi, me te tiaki taiao i roto i ana rāngai ahumahi. I roto i tēnei horopaki, he hangarau nui ngā pūoko hau mō te aroturuki taiao, te whakapūmau haumaru, me te whakahaere tukanga. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he tātaritanga hohonu o ngā tono me ngā horopaki motuhake mō ngā pūoko hau puta noa i ngā ahumahi matua i Saudi Arabia.
I. Ngā Ārahi Matua mō te Taupānga
- Te Haumaru Tuatahi: He nui ngā hau mura, ngā hau pahū, me ngā hau paitini e whakahaerehia ana e ngā umanga hinu, hau, me ngā ahumahi matū nui o Saudi Arabia. Ko ngā turuturu hau te tino take mōrearea o ngā ahi, ngā pahūtanga, me te paihana o ngā kaimahi. Ko te aroturukitanga hau tika, ā-wā tonu, he mea nui hei ārai i ngā āhuatanga kino.
- Te Whakatutukitanga Taiao: I te mea e tipu haere ana te aro o te ao ki te oranga tonutanga, kua whakatinanahia e te Manatū Taiao, Wai me te Ahuwhenua o Saudi (MEWA) ngā paerewa tukunga tino pakari. He taputapu nui ngā pūoko hau mō te aroturuki i ngā hau kati kōtuhi (hei tauira, CH₄), ngā poke paitini (hei tauira, SO₂, NOx), me ngā Matū Waro Waro (VOC) hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā ture.
- Arotau Tukanga me te Tiakitanga Rawa: I roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi, ka pā tika te kukū o ngā hau motuhake ki te whai huatanga me te kounga o te hua. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā hau waikura pēnei i te Hauwai Sulfide (H₂S) te whakararu nui i ngā paipa me ngā taputapu. Mā te aroturuki i ēnei hau ka arotau i te whakaputanga, ka roa ake te roa o te ora o ngā rawa, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki.
- Hauora Mahi: I roto i ngā wāhi kuiti (hei tauira, ngā taputapu keri, ngā tāke rokiroki, ngā whare hanga wai para), he mōrearea whakamate ki ngā kaimahi te korenga o te hāora, te kohikohinga rānei o ngā hau kino. He whakatūpato wawe nui ngā pūoko hau kawe me ngā pūoko hau pumau.
II. Ngā Horopaki Taupānga Ahumahi Matua me ngā Akoranga Take
1. Ahumahi Hinu me te Hau
Koinei te rāngai whānui rawa atu, tino uaua hoki mō ngā tono pūoko hau i Saudi Arabia.
- Te Tūhuratanga me te Whakaputa i te Awa:
- Horopaki: Ngā taputapu keri, ngā pane puna, ngā teihana kohikohi.
- Ngā Hau e Aroturukihia ana: Ngā Hau Mura (LEL – Te Herenga Pahūtanga o raro), Te Hauhā Waro (H₂S), Te Hauhā Waro (CO), Te Hauhā Whanariki (SO₂), Te Hāora (O₂).
- Akoranga Take: I te mara hinu o Ghawar i te Rohe o te Rawhiti, e mano tini ngā taputapu kite hau pumau kua tāutahia ki ngā pūtake puna me ngā hononga paipa, ka hanga he whatunga aroturuki matotoru. Mena ka kitea he turuturu methane (CH₄) i runga ake i te paepae kua whakaritea (te tikanga 20-25% LEL), ka whakaoho tonu te pūnaha i ngā whakaoho oro me te tirohanga, ka whakahohe aunoa i te pūnaha Whakamutu ohorere (ESD) hei wehe i te turuturu, ka tuku raraunga ki te rūma whakahaere matua mō te urupare ohorere. Ko te aroturuki i te H₂S tino paitini me tino tika (i ngā taumata ppm) kia pai ai te haumaru o ngā kaimahi.
- Te Whakamahinga Waenga me te Whakamahinga o te Awa:
- Horopaki: Ngā whare whakapai hinu, ngā wheketere hinu matū, ngā paipa, ngā wāhi tāke rokiroki.
- Ngā Hau e Aroturukihia ana: Haunga ngā mea o runga ake nei, ka aro turukihia hoki ngā Matū Waro Waro (VOC) (hei tauira, te Benzene, te Toluene), te Ammonia (NH₃), me te Chlorine (Cl₂).
- Akoranga Take: I roto i ngā whare matū hinu nui i Jubail, i Yanbu rānei, ka whakatinanahia ngā pūnaha aroturuki hau maha-taumata huri noa i ngā wāhanga pakaru catalytic me ngā wāhanga hydrotreating. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā pāmu tāke, ka hangaia e ngā pūoko Open-Path Infrared (IR) he "taiapa hiko" e kore e kitea hei kite i ngā tukunga VOC rere whānui, hei ārai i ngā hau pahū me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga taiao. I te taha o te tipu, ka whakaratohia e ngā tātari SO₂ ngā raraunga tukunga tonu hei whakapumau i te piripono ki ngā ture MEWA.
2. Ngā Ratonga me te Whakaputa Hiko
- Horopaki: Ngā tipu hiko (ina koa ko ngā whare tāpine hau), ngā teihana hiko iti, ngā tipu maimoatanga wai para.
- Ngā Hau e Aroturukihia ana: Ngā hau mura (CH₄), Hauwai (H₂) (mō te whakamatao i te pūkaha hiko), Ozone (O₃), Chlorine (Cl₂) (mō te maimoatanga wai), Hauwai Sulfide (H₂S) (e puta ana i roto i ngā waikeri me ngā tukanga maimoatanga).
- Akoranga Take: I tētahi teihana hiko nui i Riyadh, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā pūoko catalytic bead, ngā pūoko IR rānei hei aroturuki i ngā turuturu methane i roto i ngā whare tāpoi me ngā teihana whakahaere hau māori. I taua wā, i roto i ngā kauhanga taura me ngā rūma o raro, ka āraihia e ngā pūoko pūmau ngā pahūtanga mai i ngā hau mura e puta mai ana i te wera nui o ngā taputapu hiko. I tētahi tipu wai para tata, me whakamahi ngā kaimahi i ngā pūoko kawe maha-hau hei tirotiro i ngā taumata haumaru o te O₂, LEL, H₂S, me te CO i mua i te tomo ki ngā wāhi kuiti pēnei i ngā tāke parahanga, me te piri tonu ki ngā tikanga whakauru.
3. Hanganga me ngā Hanganga Tāone
- Horopaki: Ngā whare waka, ngā kauhanga, ngā toa hokohoko, ngā taiwhanga hōhipera.
- Ngā Hau e Aroturukihia ana: Te Hauhā Waro (CO), Ngā Waikura Hauota (NOx) (te nuinga mai i te hauhautanga o ngā waka).
- Akoranga Take: I roto i ngā wāhi waka nui o raro whenua i Riyadh, i Jeddah rānei, ka honoa ngā pūnaha hauhautanga ki ngā pūoko CO. Ina piki te kukū ki tētahi taumata kua whakaritea (hei tauira, 50 ppm), ka whakahohe aunoa ngā pūoko i ngā pā hau hei kawe mai i te hau hou kia hoki rā anō ngā taumata haumaru, hei tiaki i te hauora o ngā kaihoko me ngā kaimahi.
4. Te Keri me te Whakarewa
- Horopaki: Ngā maina phosphate, ngā maina koura, ngā whare whakarewa.
- Ngā Hau e Aroturukihia ana: Haunga ngā hau paitini me ngā hau mura noa, me aroturuki anō hoki ngā hau motuhake ki te tukanga pēnei i te Phosphine (PH₃) me te Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN).
- Akoranga Take: I te tāone ahumahi phosphate o Wa'ad Al-Shamal, ka taea e te tukanga whakaputa tongi te whakaputa PH₃. Mā ngā pūoko PH₃ hikohiko, haurua-haurua rānei kua tāutahia ki ngā wāhi tukatuka me ngā whare rokiroki ka taea te kite wawe i ngā turuturu, ka ārai i te pānga o ngā kaimahi.
III. Ngā Auahatanga Hangarau me te Tirohanga ki te Ao Tūroa
Kei te whanake haere ngā tono pūoko hau i Saudi Arabia ki te whakapiki ake i te mohiotanga me te whakaurunga:
- IoT me te Whakamamati: Kei te neke haere ngā pūoko mai i ngā wae whakaoho tūkotahi ki ngā pūnga raraunga whatunga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau ahokore pēnei i a LoRaWAN me te 4G/5G, ka tukuna ngā raraunga i te wā tūturu ki ngā tūāpapa kapua mō te aroturuki mamao, te tātari raraunga nui, me te tiaki matapae.
- Tirotiro UAV me te Robotic: I ngā wāhi whānui, mōrearea rānei (hei tauira, ngā paipa mamao, ngā puranga teitei), ka whakahaerehia e ngā waka rererangi me ngā pūoko pēnei i ngā pūoko methane taiaho ngā tirotiro whai hua me te haumaru, kia tere ai te tautuhi i ngā wāhi turuturu.
- Ngā Hangarau Pūoko Matatau: Kei te piki haere te whakamahi i ngā hangarau tino tika, tino whiriwhiri hoki pērā i te Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) me ngā Photoionization Detectors (PID mō ngā VOC) hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa taiao me te haumaru pakari ake.
- Whakaurunga AI: Ka taea e ngā rauropi AI te tātari i ngā tauira raraunga pūoko hei wehewehe i ngā tūmomo riri tūturu mai i ngā whakaoho rūpahu (hei tauira, ngā whakaoho e whakaohohia ana e te hauhautanga tīhiera) me te matapae i ngā rahunga taputapu pea, i ngā ia turuturu rānei.
Whakamutunga
I raro i te "Matakitenga 2030" a Saudi Arabia, e akiaki ana i te kanorau ōhanga me te whakahoutanga ahumahi, kua noho ngā pūoko hau hei kaitiaki nui mō te haumaru o ōna ahumahi matua me te whakatutukitanga o te whanaketanga matomato, pumau. Mai i ngā mara hinu nui ki ngā tāone hou, ka mahi ēnei kaitiaki kāore e kitea i te ao, i te ao katoa, e tiaki ana i ngā kaimahi, e tiaki ana i te taiao, e arotau ana hoki i te whakaputanga. He turanga nui rātou mō te heke mai o te ahumahi Saudi Arabia, ā, kāore e kore ka haere tonu te whānui o ā rātou tono i te hohonutanga me te whānui i te whanaketanga o te hangarau.
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