Ko te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Raki, he rohe nui, pumau, ā, e kaha haere ana te hāora (OMZ) e tata ana ki te haurua o te horahanga katoa o ngā OMZ o te ao. I roto i te matua OMZ (∼350–700 m te hohonutanga), ko te hāora rewa kei te tata, kei raro rānei i te rohe kitenga tātari o ngā pūoko hou (∼10 nM). Ko ngā pikinga hāora pari i runga ake, i raro iho hoki i te matua OMZ ka arahi ki te hanganga poutū o ngā hapori moroiti e rerekē ana i waenga i ngā wāhanga rahi e hono ana ki te matūriki (PA) me te rahi ora-kore (FL). I konei, ka whakamahia e mātou te raupapatanga amplicon 16S (iTags) hei tātari i te kanorau me te tohatoha o ngā taupori prokaryotic i waenga i ngā wāhanga rahi FL me PA me te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga redox taiao. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga wai i tō mātou rohe rangahau i ngā mea i pūrongohia i mua i roto i te ETNP me ētahi atu OMZ, pērā i te ETSP. I kitea ngā kukū hāora iti (∼0.35 μM) puta noa i te matua OMZ i tō mātou wāhi tauira. Nō reira, kāore i kitea ngā kohikohinga nitrite e pūrongohia ana mō ngā matua OMZ, me ngā raupapatanga mō ngā huakita anammox (te momo BrocadialesKaitiakiKo Scalindua), e kitea whānuitia ana puta noa i ngā rohe oxic-anoxic i roto i ētahi atu pūnaha. Heoi, ko ngā tohatoha huakita whakahāngai-amonia (AOB) me te archaea (AOA) me ngā reiti whakauru waro autotrophic mōrahi (1.4 μM C d–1) i taurite ki te kukū nui o te ammonia tata ki te tihi o te matua OMZ. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā mema o te puningaNitrospina, i kitea he rōpū huakita whakakōkī-nitrite (NOB) matua e kī ana ka puta te whakakōkī haukini me te nitrite i ngā kukū hāora iti. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga whakamātautau ōrite (ANOSIM) me te Tauine Ahu Kore-Ine (nMDS) he rerekētanga nui ngā whakaaturanga phylogenetic huakita me te archaeal i waenga i ngā wāhanga rahi. I runga i ngā kōtaha ANOSIM me iTag, he iti ake te awe o te hanganga o ngā huihuinga PA e te tikanga biogeochemical e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hohonu i te wāhanga FL. I runga i te aroaro o te AOA, NOB me te hāora iti i roto i te matua OMZ, e kī ana mātou ko te whakakōkī nitrification he tukanga hohe i roto i te huringa hauota o tēnei rohe o te ETNP OMZ.
Kupu Whakataki
Hei whakautu i te huringa āhuarangi tonu me ngā mahi a te tangata ā-rohe, kua heke te kukū o te hāora wairewa i te moana tuwhera me ngā pūnaha moana takutai (Breitburg me ētahi atu, 2018). Ko te nui o te ngaronga hāora mai i te moana tuwhera i ngā tau 60 kua pahure ake nei kua neke atu i te 2% (Schmidtko me ētahi atu, 2017), e hanga ana i ngā āwangawanga mō ngā hua o te whānui haere o te rohe e kore e pau te hāora (Paulmier rāua ko Ruiz-Pino, 2009). Ka puta ngā OMZ o te moana tuwhera ina nui te whakaputanga tuatahi o te mata e whakakaha ana i te hiahia hāora koiora i roto i ngā wai o raro i te mata, e nui ake ana i ngā tere o te hauhautanga tinana i te hohonutanga. Ka taea e ngā kukū hāora i roto i ngā pou wai OMZ te whai i ngā pikinga pari (oxycline) i runga ake me raro i te matua kua pau te hāora, ka hanga he paparanga hypoxic (i waenga i te 2 me te ∼90 μM), suboxic (<2 μM) me te anoxic (i raro i te rohe kitenga (∼10 nM) o ngā rahi rerekē (Bertagnolli rāua ko Stewart, 2018). Ka ārahi ngā pikinga hāora ki te hanganga poutū o ngā hapori metazoan me ngā hapori moroiti me ngā tukanga koiora-matū i te taha o ēnei oxycline whānui (Belmar me ētahi atu, 2011).
Ko ētahi o ngā reiti teitei rawa o te ngaronga hauota kua tuhia ki ngā OMZ o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Raki me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te Tonga (ETSP) (Callbeck me ētahi atu, 2017;Penn me ētahi atu, 2019), te Rohe o Cariaco kua whakarārangihia tuturu (Montes me ētahi atu, 2013), te Moana Arapi (Ward me ētahi atu, 2009), me te OMZ o te pūnaha whakapūngao o Benguela (Kuypers me ētahi atu, 2005). I roto i ēnei pūnaha, ko ngā tukanga moroiti o te denitrification canonical (te whakaiti heterotrophic o te nitrate ki ngā takawaenga hauota, ā, he maha ngā wā ki te hau dinitrogen) me te anammox (te whakahāngaitanga ammonium anaerobic) ka arahi ki ngā ngaronga hauota ka taea te whakawhāiti i te whakaputanga tuatahi (Ward me ētahi atu, 2007). Heoi anō, ko ngā tukunga hauota waikura moana (he hau kati kōtuhi kaha) mai i te whakakorenga moroiti e puta ana i roto i ngā OMZ e kiia ana ko te kotahi hautoru o ngā tukunga hauota waikura taiao o te ao (Naqvi me ētahi atu, 2010).
Ko te ETNP OMZ he rohe iti rawa o te hāora nui, pumau, ā, e kaha haere ana, e tata ana ki te haurua o te horahanga katoa o ngā OMZ o te ao, kei waenganui i te 0–25°N latitude me te 75 me te 180°W longitude (Paulmier rāua ko Ruiz-Pino, 2009;Schmidtko me ētahi atu, 2017Nā te hiranga o te taiao, kua rangahaua whānuitia te matū koiora me te kanorau o ngā moroiti o ngā rohe ETNP OMZ rerekē (hei tauira,Beman rāua ko Carolan, 2013;Duret me ētahi atu, 2015;Ganesh me ētahi atu, 2015;Chronopoulou me ētahi atu, 2017;Pack me ētahi atu, 2015;Peng me ētahi atu, 2015). E ai ki ngā rangahau o mua, ko te hāora rewa i roto i tēnei matua OMZ (∼250–750 m te hohonu) kei te tata, kei raro rānei i ngā rohe kitenga tātaritanga (∼10 nM) (Tiano me ētahi atu, 2014;Garcia-Robledo me ētahi atu, 2017). Heoi, i te taha raki o te OMZ o te ETNP (te wāhi rangahau ~22°N) ka taea e ngā kukū hāora i te 500 m te eke ki ngā toharite ā-tau i waenga i te 10 me te 20 μM (Paulmier rāua ko Ruiz-Pino, 2009(Ngā raraunga mai i te World Ocean Atlas 2013)1. I te wā o te kaupapa mara i kōrerotia i konei, i ine mātou i te hāora i roto i te matua OMZ i ngā kukū e ranea ana (0.35 μM) hei tautoko i ngā tukanga moroiti ā-hauora, pērā i te haukini me te haukini nitrite, ā, i aukati i ētahi tukanga moroiti ā-hauora nui. Kua kitea i mua ngā tukanga moroiti ā-hauora i roto i ngā paparanga āhua suboxic, anoxic rānei o te ETNP OMZ (Peng me ētahi atu, 2015;Garcia-Robledo me ētahi atu, 2017;Penn me ētahi atu, 2019Heoi anō, kāore anō kia tino mārama ngā āhuatanga e whakahaere ana i te tohatoha me ngā mahi a ngā rōpū mahi motuhake o ngā moroiti i roto i ngā OMZ.
Ko te noho mai o ngā nitrifiers i ngā wāhi kāore e kitea te hāora i roto i te OMZ ka taea te whakamārama mā ngā nekehanga poutū o te oxycline nā te whakapūtanga hāora poutū ā-wā, ka taea ai te arahi ki te iti o ngā taumata hāora i roto i ngā matua OMZ (Muller-Karger me ētahi atu, 2001;Ulloa me ētahi atu, 2012;Garcia-Robledo me ētahi atu, 2017). Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei āhuatanga rangitahi e ngā taupori aerobic, microaerophilic rānei, tae atu ki ngā nitrifiers. Heoi anō, ko ngā matūriki e totohu ana mai i te epipelagic (ngā pūtau kua whakakotahihia, ngā pire paru, me ngā rauemi rauropi matatini) ka whai wāhi pea ki ngā taumata iti o te hāora (Ganesh me ētahi atu, 2014). Nō reira, ka taea te kawe i te hāora me ngā moroiti ā-hauora ki ngā wai kāore i te paitini, ka taea ai te whakaputa i ngā pākia ā-hauora mō tētahi wā poto me ngā matūriki. E mōhiotia ana ko ngā matūriki he wāhi wera mō te huringa koiora-matū-whenua o ngā moroiti (Simon me ētahi atu, 2002;Ganesh me ētahi atu, 2014) ā, ka taea te tautoko i ngā tukanga moroiti anaerobic, aerobic rānei e rerekē ana kāore e kitea i te āhua ora-kore (Alldredge rāua ko Cohen, 1987;Wright me ētahi atu, 2012;Suter me ētahi atu, 2018).
I roto i tēnei rangahau, ka tirotirohia e mātou ngā hapori prokaryotic e noho ana i te taha raki o te OMZ o te ETNP me ngā āhuatanga taiao e pā ana ki ō rātou tohatoha poutū mā te whakamahi i te raupapatanga amplicon 16S (iTags) me ngā tatauranga maha-taurangi. I tirotirohia e mātou ngā wāhanga rahi e rua; te wāhanga ora-kore (0.2–2.7 μm), me te wāhanga e pā ana ki te matūriki (>2.7 μm, e hopu ana i ngā matūriki me ngā pūtau protistan) i ngā hohonutanga maha i te taha o te oxycline e rite ana ki ngā āhuatanga redox motuhake.
Ka taea e mātou te whakarato i ngā pūoko hāora rewa me ngā tawhā rerekē, kia taea ai te aroturuki i te kukū ngota i te wā tonu. Nau mai ki te kōrero
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Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-05-2024