Kua whakaatuhia ngā panonitanga o ngā whakaurunga wai māori e ahu mai ana i te āhuarangi hei pānga ki te hanganga me te mahi o ngā pūnaha rauropi takutai. I arotakehia e mātou ngā panonitanga o te awe o te rerenga awa ki ngā pūnaha takutai o Te Tai Tokerau o Patagonia (NWP) i ngā tekau tau tata nei (1993–2021) mā te tātari ngātahi i ngā raupapa wā rere awa mō te wā roa, te whakatauira wai, ngā raraunga i ahu mai i te amiorangi me te tātari anō i ngā āhuatanga o te mata o te moana (te pāmahana, te pōuri, me te tote). I kitea ngā hekenga nui o te rere awa iti rawa puta noa i te rohe e horapa ana i ngā puna awa nui e ono i ngā tauine wiki, marama, me ngā tauine wā. Ko ēnei panonitanga kua tino kitea i roto i ngā puna raki o te kawanatanga whakauru (hei tauira, te Awa o Puelo) engari te āhua nei kei te ahu whakamua ki te tonga ki ngā awa e tohuhia ana e te kawanatanga nival. I roto i te moana o roto e rua-paparanga e tata ana, ko te whakahekenga o te whakaurunga wai māori e rite ana ki te halocline papaku me te pikinga o te pāmahana mata puta noa i te raki o Patagonia. E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua i te awe tere o ngā awa ki ngā wai o te wahapū me te takutai tata i te NWP. Ka whakanuia e mātou te hiahia mō te tirotiro haere i ngā rauropi puta noa i te ao, te matapae, te whakaiti i te kino me ngā rautaki urutau i roto i te āhuarangi hurihuri, me te whakahaere i ngā puna urutau e rite ana ki ngā pūnaha e tuku ana i te rerenga wai ki ngā wai moana takutai.
Ko ngā awa te pūtake matua o te wai māori o te whenua ki ngā moana1. I roto i ngā pūnaha takutai ā-rohe, he mea nui ngā awa mō ngā tukanga tohanga2 me te piriti i waenga i ngā rauropi whenua me te moana, e kawe ana i ngā matūkai, ngā mea rauropi, me ngā paru e tāpiri ana ki ērā mai i te moana takutai me te moana tuwhera3. Kua pūrongohia e ngā rangahau tata nei ngā panonitanga o te rahinga me te wā o ngā urunga wai māori ki te moana takutai4. E whakaatu ana ngā tātaritanga o ngā raupapa wā me ngā tauira wai i ngā tauira ā-wāhi me te ā-wā rerekē5, hei tauira, mai i te pikinga kaha o ngā tukunga wai māori i ngā whānui teitei6—nā te pikinga o te rewa o te hukapapa—ki ngā ia hekenga i ngā whānui waenga nā te pikinga o te tauraki wai7. Ahakoa te ahunga me te rahi o ngā ia kua pūrongohia tata nei, kua tautuhia te huringa āhuarangi hei tino take o ngā tikanga wai kua whakarerekētia8, engari kāore anō kia tino aromatawaihia, kia māramahia hoki ngā pānga ki ngā wai takutai me ngā rauropi e tautokona ana e rātou9. Ko ngā panonitanga ā-wā o te rere o ngā awa, e pāngia ana e te panonitanga āhuarangi (te panonitanga o ngā tauira ua me te pikinga o te pāmahana) me ngā pēhanga tangata pēnei i ngā tāhuna wai hiko, ngā puna wai rānei10,11, ngā whakarerekētanga whakamakuku, me ngā panonitanga whakamahinga whenua12, he wero ki te tātari i ngā ia o ngā whakaurunga wai māori13,14. Hei tauira, kua whakaatuhia e ētahi rangahau he nui ake te manawanui o ngā rohe he nui te kanorau o ngā ngahere i ngā rauropi i ngā wāhi e nui ana ngā māra ngahere, ngā ahuwhenua rānei15,16. I ngā rohe waenga-whānui, ko te mārama ki ngā pānga o te panonitanga āhuarangi ā-muri ki te moana takutai mā te wetewete i ngā pānga o te panonitanga āhuarangi me ngā raruraru tangata ā-rohe me tirotiro mai i ngā pūnaha tohutoro he iti noa te panonitanga kia taea ai te wehewehe i ngā panonitanga o te pūnaha wai mai i ngā raruraru tangata ā-rohe.
Ko Patagonia ki te Hauāuru (> 41°S i te takutai moana o Amerika ki te Tonga) tētahi o ēnei rohe kua tiakina pai, ā, he mea nui te rangahau tonu hei aroturuki me te tiaki i ēnei rauropi. I tēnei rohe, ka taunekeneke ngā awa e rere noa ana me te āhua whenua matatini o te takutai hei hanga i tētahi o ngā awaawa nui rawa atu o te ao17,18. Nā te mea he tawhiti rawa, kāore i te tino whakararuraruhia ngā takotoranga awa o Patagonia, he nui te ngahere taketake19, he iti te taupori tangata, ā, i te nuinga o te wā karekau he tāhuna, he puna wai, he hanganga whakamakuku. Ko te ngoikore o ēnei rauropi takutai ki ngā huringa taiao e whakawhirinaki ana ki tā rātou taunekeneke ki ngā puna wai māori. Ko ngā wai māori e tomo ana ki ngā wai takutai o Te Tai Tokerau o Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), tae atu ki te ua tika me te rerenga awa, ka taunekeneke ki ngā wai moana, inā koa ko te Wai Subantarctic teitei-tote (SAAW). Ka pā tēnei ki ngā tauira o te tohanga, te whakahoutanga o te wai, me te whakapūngao20 mā te whakaputa i ngā pikinga tote kaha, me te nui o te rerekētanga o te wā me te rerekētanga ā-wāhi i roto i te halocline21. Ka pā anō hoki te taunekeneke i waenga i ēnei puna wai e rua ki te hanganga o ngā hapori planktonic22, ka pā ki te whakaiti i te mārama23, ā, ka arahi ki te waimeha o ngā kukū Hauota me te Phosphorus i roto i te SAAW24 me te whakanui ake i te tuku orthosilicate i roto i te paparanga mata25,26. Heoi anō, ko te whakaurunga o te wai māori ka hua ake he pikinga poutū kaha o te hāora rewa (DO) i roto i ēnei wai wahapū, me te paparanga o runga e whakaatu ana i te kukū DO teitei (6–8 mL L−1)27.
Ko te wawaotanga iti noa iho e tohu ana i ngā awa whenua o Patagonia he rerekē ki te whakamahinga nui o te takutai moana, inā koa e te umanga ahuwhenua ika, he rāngai ōhanga matua i Chile. I tēnei wā kei roto i ngā kaihanga ahuwhenua ika nui rawa atu o te ao, ko Chile te tuarua o ngā kaihoko nui rawa atu o te hāmana me te taraute, me te kaihoko nui rawa atu o ngā kūtai28. Ko te ahuwhenua hāmana me te kūtai, e noho ana i tēnei wā i te 2300 ngā wāhi whakaaetanga me te katoa o te rohe o te 24,000 heketea, e whakaputa ana i te uara ōhanga nui i te tonga o Chile29. Kāore tēnei whanaketanga i te kore he pānga taiao, inā koa i roto i te take o te ahuwhenua hāmana, he mahi e whai wāhi ana ki ngā matūkai o waho ki ēnei rauropi30. Kua whakaatuhia hoki he tino ngoikore ki ngā huringa e pā ana ki te āhuarangi31,32.
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua pūrongohia e ngā rangahau i mahia i NWP te hekenga o ngā whakaurunga wai māori33 me te matapae i te hekenga o te rere o ngā awa i te raumati me te ngahuru34, me te roa o te tauraki wai35. Ka pāngia ēnei huringa o ngā whakaurunga wai māori e ngā tawhā taiao tata tonu, ā, he pānga whānui ki ngā whanaketanga rauropi whānui. Hei tauira, kua piki haere te auau o ngā āhuatanga tino kino o te wai mata o te takutai moana i ngā tauraki raumati-ngahuru, ā, i ētahi wā, kua pā ki te umanga ahumoana mā te korenga o te wai36, te pikinga o te pirinoa, me te puāwaitanga o ngā rimurimu kino32,37,38 (HABs).
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua pūrongohia e ngā rangahau i mahia i NWP te hekenga o ngā whakaurunga wai māori33 me te matapae i te hekenga o te rere o ngā awa i te raumati me te ngahuru34, me te roa o te tauraki wai35. Ka pāngia ēnei huringa o ngā whakaurunga wai māori e ngā tawhā taiao tata tonu, ā, he pānga whānui ki ngā whanaketanga rauropi whānui. Hei tauira, kua piki haere te auau o ngā āhuatanga tino kino o te wai mata o te takutai moana i ngā tauraki raumati-ngahuru, ā, i ētahi wā, kua pā ki te umanga ahumoana mā te korenga o te wai36, te pikinga o te pirinoa, me te puāwaitanga o ngā rimurimu kino32,37,38 (HABs).
Ko te mōhiotanga o nāianei mō te hekenga o ngā whakaurunga wai māori puta noa i te NWP e ahu mai ana i te tātaritanga o ngā inenga wai39, e whakaahua ana i ngā āhuatanga tatauranga, hihiri rānei o ngā raupapa raraunga wai i ahu mai i te iti o ngā rekoata wā roa me te iti o te kapinga ā-wāhi. Mō ngā āhuatanga wai e rite ana i roto i ngā wai wahapū o te NWP, i te moana takutai tata rānei, kāore he rekoata wā roa e wātea ana. I te mea he ngoikore ngā mahi pāpori-ōhanga takutai ki ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi, he mea nui te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi whānui o te hononga whenua-moana ki te whakahaere me te urutau ki te huringa āhuarangi40. Hei whakatika i tēnei wero, kua whakauruhia e mātou te whakatauira wai (1990–2020) me ngā raraunga i ahu mai i te amiorangi me te tātaritanga anō mō ngā āhuatanga o te mata o te moana (1993–2020). E rua ngā whāinga matua o tēnei huarahi: (1) te aromatawai i ngā ia o mua i roto i ngā inenga wai i te tauine rohe me te (2) te tirotiro i ngā pānga o ēnei huringa ki te pūnaha takutai tata, inā koa mō te tote o te mata o te moana, te pāmahana, me te pōuri.
Ka taea e mātou te whakarato i ngā momo pūoko atamai hei aroturuki i te wai me te kounga wai, nau mai ki te kōrero.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-18-2024