I te taha o te pikinga ake o te huringa āhuarangi o te ao, kua piki haere te hiranga o te aroturukitanga tika o te ua mō te whakahaere waipuke me te whakaora i te tauraki, te whakahaere rauemi wai, me te rangahau huarere. Ko ngā taputapu aroturuki ua, hei taputapu matua mō te kohikohi raraunga ua, kua whanake mai i ngā ine ua miihini tuku iho ki ngā pūnaha pūoko atamai e whakauru ana i te Ipurangi o ngā Mea me ngā hangarau mohio horihori. Ka whakaatuhia whānuitia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga hangarau me ngā horopaki tono kanorau o ngā ine ua me ngā pūoko ua, me te tātari i te āhua tono o nāianei o te hangarau aroturuki hau o te ao. Ka aro nui ki ngā ia whanaketanga i roto i te mara o te aroturuki hau i ngā whenua pēnei i a Haina me te Hononga o Amerika, me te whakaatu i ngā ahunga whakamua hou me ngā ia o muri mai o te hangarau aroturuki ua ki ngā kaipānui.
Te whanaketanga hangarau me ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā taputapu aroturuki ua
Ko te ua, hei hononga matua i roto i te huringa wai, he mea nui tōna ine tika mō te matapae huarere, te rangahau wai me te whakatūpato wawe i ngā āhuatanga kino. Whai muri i te rautau o te whanaketanga, kua hangaia e ngā taputapu aroturuki ua he whānuitanga hangarau katoa mai i ngā taputapu miihini tuku iho ki ngā pūoko atamai hangarau teitei, e tutuki ai ngā hiahia aroturuki i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ko ngā taputapu aroturuki ua matua o nāianei ko ngā ine ua tuku iho, ngā ine ua tipping bucket me ngā pūoko ua piezoelectric hou, me ētahi atu. He āhuatanga motuhake tō ia o rātou, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga rerekē e kitea ana i runga i te tika, te pono me ngā taiao e tika ana.
Ko te ine ua tuku iho te tikanga matua mō te ine i te ua. He māmā noa iho tōna hoahoa engari he whai hua. Ko ngā ine ua paerewa he mea hanga ki te kowiri tira, me te diameter pupuri wai o te Ф200±0.6mm. Ka taea e rātou te ine i te ua me te kaha o te ≤4mm/min, me te taumira o te 0.2mm (e rite ana ki te 6.28ml o te rōrahi wai). I raro i ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau pūmau o roto, ka taea e rātou te eke ki te ±4%. Kāore tēnei taputapu miihini e hiahia ki te pūtake hiko o waho, ā, ka mahi i runga i ngā mātāpono ā-tinana parakore. He tino pono, he ngāwari hoki te tiaki. He tino ātaahua hoki te hoahoa āhua o te ine ua. Ko te putanga ua he mea hanga ki te pepa kowiri tira mā te tā me te tuhi whānui, me te tino maeneene, ka taea te whakaiti i te hapa i puta mai i te pupuri wai. Ko te mirumiru whakarite whakapae kua whakatakotoria ki roto ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te whakarite i te taputapu ki te āhua mahi pai rawa atu. Ahakoa he iti ngā herenga o ngā ine ua tuku iho i runga i te aunoatanga me te tauine mahi, ko te mana o ā rātou raraunga ine ka waiho tonu hei taputapu paerewa mō ngā tari huarere me te wai ki te whakahaere i ngā tirotiro pakihi me ngā whakataurite tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Kua eke te pūoko ine ua mō te pēke hurihuri ki tētahi taumata teitei i roto i te ine aunoa me te whakaputa raraunga i runga i te pūtake o te rango ine ua tuku iho. Ka hurihia e tēnei momo pūoko te ua hei tohu hiko mā roto i tētahi tikanga pēke hurihuri takirua kua hoahoatia kia āta – ina whiwhi tētahi o ngā pēke i te wai ki tētahi uara kua whakaritea (te nuinga o te wā he 0.1mm, he 0.2mm rānei te ua), ka hurihia e ia anō nā te kaha o te kaha ā-papa, ā, i te wā kotahi ka puta he tohu pāoro 710 mā roto i te tikanga whakawhiti maitai aukume me te wiwi. Ko te pūoko ine ua FF-YL i hangaia e Hebei Feimeng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. he tohu noa iho. Ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu te wāhanga pēke hurihuri i hangaia e te werohanga werohanga o ngā kirihou hangarau. He pai te hanga o te pūnaha tautoko, ā, he iti te ātete waku. Nō reira, he tairongo ki te hurihuri, ā, he pumau te mahi. He pai te raina o te pūoko ine ua mō te pēke hurihuri, ā, he kaha ki te ārai i te pokanoa. Hei tāpiri, kua hangaia te hāneanea me ngā kōhao mata hei ārai i ngā rau me ētahi atu para mai i te aukati i te wai ua kia heke iho, e tino whakapai ake ana i te pono o te mahi i roto i ngā taiao o waho. Kua whakapai ake te ine ua peere hurihuri raupapa TE525MM a Campbell Scientific Company i te tika o te ine o ia peere ki te 0.1mm. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakaiti i te awe o te hau kaha ki te tika o te ine mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi matapihi, mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi atanga ahokore hei whakatutuki i te tuku raraunga mamao 10.
Ko te pūoko ine ua piezoelectric te taumata teitei rawa atu o te hangarau aroturuki ua o nāianei. Ka whakakorea rawatia ngā wāhanga nekeneke miihini, ā, ka whakamahia te kiriata piezoelectric PVDF hei taputapu aroturuki ua. Ka ine i te ua mā te tātari i te tohu pūngao nekeneke i puta mai i te pānga o ngā pata ua. Ko te pūoko ua piezoelectric FT-Y1 i whakawhanakehia e Shandong Fengtu Internet of Things Technology Co., Ltd. he hua noa o tēnei hangarau. Ka whakamahia e ia he whatunga io AI kua whakauruhia hei wehewehe i ngā tohu pata ua, ā, ka taea te karo i ngā mea whakararuraru teka i puta mai i ngā pokanoa pēnei i te onepu, te puehu, me te wiri 25. He maha ngā painga hou o tēnei pūoko: he hoahoa whakauru kāore he wāhanga e kitea ana, ā, he kaha ki te tātari i ngā tohu pokanoa taiao; He whānui te whānuitanga ine (0-4mm/min), ā, ko te taumira he teitei ki te 0.01mm. He tere te auau tauira (<1 hēkona), ā, ka taea te aroturuki tika i te roanga o te ua ki te hēkona. Ā, ka whakamahia he hoahoa mata pa he āhua pewa, kāore e rongoa i te wai ua, ā, ka tutuki pai te kore tiaki. He whānui rawa te awhe pāmahana whakahaere o ngā pūoko piezoelectric (-40 ki te 85℃), ā, ko te 0.12W anake te whakamahinga hiko. Ka tutukihia te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga mā te atanga RS485 me te kawa MODBUS, ā, he tino pai mō te hanga i tētahi whatunga aroturuki atamai tohatoha.
Ripanga: Whakataurite Mahi o ngā Taputapu Aroturuki Ua Matua
Momo taputapu, mātāpono mahi, painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, te tino tika, ngā horopaki e tika ana
Ka kohia tika te wai ua e te ine ua tuku iho hei ine, he hanganga māmā, he pono teitei, kāore e hiahiatia he hiko me te pānui ā-ringa, ā, he mahi kotahi o ngā teihana tohutoro huarere ±4% me ngā pūwāhi tirotiro ā-ringa.
Ka hurihia e te tikanga o te ine ua o te peere hurihuri te ua hei tohu hiko mō te ine aunoa. He ngāwari te tuku raraunga. Ka pakaru pea ngā wāhanga miihini, ā, me tiaki tonu. Teihana huarere aunoa ±3%(2mm/min te kaha o te ua), ngā pūwāhi aroturuki wai
Ka whakaputahia e te pūoko ine ua piezoelectric ngā tohu hiko mai i te kaha nekeneke o ngā pata ua hei tātari. Kāore he wāhanga neke, he taumira teitei, he utu nui te ārai-whakararuraru, ā, me whai pūnaha tukatuka tohu ≤±4% mō te matawai huarere waka, ngā teihana aunoa i te mara, me ngā tāone atamai.
Haunga ngā taputapu aroturuki pumau e ahu mai ana i te whenua, kei te whanake haere hoki te hangarau ine ua ki te aroturuki i te tirohanga mamao ā-wāhi me te rangi. Ka whakatau te radar ua ā-whenua i te kaha o te ua mā te tuku i ngā ngaru hikohiko me te tātari i ngā haruru marara o te kapua me ngā matūriki ua. Ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i te aroturuki tonu i te tauine nui, engari he nui te pānga o te aukati whenua me ngā whare tāone. Ka "tirotiro" te hangarau tirohanga mamao amiorangi i te ua o te Ao mai i te wāhi. I roto i ēnei, ka whakamahia e te tirohanga mamao ngaruiti kore mahi te pokanoa o ngā matūriki ua ki runga i te irahiko papamuri hei hurihanga, ko te tirohanga mamao ngaruiti hohe (pērā i te radar DPR o te amiorangi GPM) ka tuku tika i ngā tohu me te whiwhi haruru, ā, ka tatau i te kaha o te ua 49 mā te whanaungatanga ZR (Z=aR^b). Ahakoa he whānui te kapinga o te hangarau tirohanga mamao, kei te whakawhirinaki tonu tōna tika ki te whakatikatika o ngā raraunga ine ua whenua. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana te aromatawai i te Rohe Awa o Laoha i Haina ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te hua ua amiorangi 3B42V6 me ngā kitenga whenua he 21%, ko te rerekētanga o te hua wā-tūturu 3B42RT he teitei ki te 81%.
Me whai whakaaro whānui ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tika o te ine, te urutau ki te taiao, ngā whakaritenga tiaki me te utu i te kōwhiringa o ngā taputapu aroturuki ua. He pai ngā ine ua tuku iho hei taputapu tohutoro mō te manatoko raraunga. Ka taurite te ine ua o te peere tipping i waenga i te utu me te mahi, ā, he whirihoranga paerewa i roto i ngā teihana huarere aunoa. Kei te whakawhānui haere ngā pūoko piezoelectric, me tō rātou urutau taiao tino pai me te taumata atamai, i tā rātou tono i roto i te mara o te aroturuki motuhake. I te whanaketanga o te Ipurangi o ngā Mea me ngā hangarau matauranga horihori, ka noho ko te whatunga aroturuki whakauru maha-hangarau te ia o te heke mai, ka tutuki he pūnaha aroturuki ua whānui e whakakotahi ana i ngā pūwāhi me ngā mata, ka whakauru i te hau me te whenua.
Ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga kanorau o ngā taputapu aroturuki ua
Ko ngā raraunga ua, hei tawhā matua mō te āhuarangi me te wai, kua whānui ake ngā mara tono mai i te tirotiro āhuarangi tuku iho ki ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i te whakahaere waipuke o ngā tāone, te whakaputanga ahuwhenua, me te whakahaere waka, ka hanga he tauira tono whānui e kapi ana i ngā ahumahi nui o te ōhanga o te motu. Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau aroturuki me te whakapainga o ngā āheinga tātari raraunga, kei te whai wāhi nui ngā taputapu aroturuki ua i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha atu, e whakarato ana i te pūtake pūtaiao mō te hapori tangata ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o te huringa āhuarangi me ngā rauemi wai.
Te aroturuki i te āhuarangi me te wai me te whakatūpato wawe i ngā āhuatanga kino
Ko te aroturukitanga huarere me te wai te mara tono tuku iho me te mea nui rawa atu o ngā taputapu ua. I roto i te whatunga teihana tirotiro huarere ā-motu, ko ngā ine ua me ngā ine ua tipping peere te hanganga mō te kohikohi raraunga ua. Ehara i te mea he tawhā whakauru nui ēnei raraunga mō te matapae huarere anake, engari he raraunga taketake hoki mō te rangahau āhuarangi. Kua whakaatuhia e te whatunga ine ua tauine MESO (MESONET) i whakatūria i Mumbai te uara o tētahi whatunga aroturuki kiato teitei – mā te tātari i ngā raraunga o te wā ua nui mai i te tau 2020 ki te 2022, i angitu te tatau a ngā kairangahau ko te tere nekehanga toharite o te ua nui he 10.3-17.4 kiromita ia hāora, ā, ko te ahunga i waenga i te 253-260 nekehanga. He mea nui ēnei kitenga mō te whakapai ake i te tauira matapae ua nui o te tāone. I Haina, e kī mārama ana te "Mahere Rima-Tau 14 mō te Whakawhanaketanga Wai" me whakapai ake te whatunga aroturuki wai, me whakanui ake i te kiato me te tika o te aroturukitanga ua, me te tautoko i te whakahaere waipuke me te whakatau whakatau mō te awhina i te tauraki.
I roto i te pūnaha whakatūpato waipuke wawe, he mahi nui tā ngā raraunga aroturuki ua tūturu. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko ua i roto i ngā pūnaha aroturuki me te pūrongo aunoa ā-wai e aro ana ki te whakahaere waipuke, te tuku wai, me te whakahaere āhua wai o ngā teihana hiko me ngā puna wai. Ina nui ake te kaha o te ua i te paepae kua whakaritea, ka taea e te pūnaha te whakaoho aunoa i tētahi whakatūpato hei whakamahara i ngā rohe o raro ki te whakarite mō te whakahaere waipuke. Hei tauira, he mahi whakaoho ua ā-wāhanga-toru tā te pūoko ua peere takahuri FF-YL. Ka taea e ia te tuku i ngā taumata rerekē o te oro, te mārama me te reo i runga i te ua kua kohia, ā, ka hokona he wā utu nui mō te aukati me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino. Ka tutuki i te otinga aroturuki ua ahokore a Campbell Scientific Company i te United States te tuku raraunga tūturu mā te atanga raupapa CWS900, ka tino whakapai ake i te pai o te aroturuki mā te 10.
Ngā tono whakahaere tāone me te kawe waka
Nā te hanganga o ngā tāone atamai kua kawea mai he horopaki tono hou ki te hangarau aroturuki ua. I roto i te aroturukitanga o ngā pūnaha waikeri tāone, ka taea e ngā pūoko ua kua tohatohahia te hopu i te kaha o te ua i ia rohe i te wā tūturu. I te whakakotahitanga me te tauira whatunga waikeri, ka taea e rātou te matapae i te mōrearea o te waipuke tāone me te arotau i te tukunga o ngā teihana papu. Ko ngā pūoko ua piezoelectric, me tō rātou rahi kiato (pēnei i te FT-Y1) me te kaha urutau ki te taiao, he tino pai mō te tāutanga huna i roto i ngā taiao tāone 25. Kua tīmata ngā tari whakahaere waipuke i roto i ngā tāone nui pēnei i a Beijing ki te whakamātautau i ngā whatunga aroturuki ua atamai i runga i te Ipurangi o ngā Mea. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā raraunga maha-pūoko, e whai ana rātou ki te whakatutuki i te matapae tika me te urupare tere ki te waipuke tāone.
I roto i te ao whakahaere waka, kua noho ko ngā pūoko ua hei wāhanga nui o ngā pūnaha kawe waka atamai. Ka taea e ngā taputapu ua e tāutahia ana i ngā huarahi tere me ngā huarahi tere o te tāone te aroturuki i te kaha o te ua i te wā tonu. Ina kitea he ua nui, ka whakaoho aunoa i ngā tohu karere rerekē hei tuku whakatūpato tere, hei whakahohe rānei i te pūnaha rerenga wai o te kauhanga. Ko te mea whakamiharo ake ko te rongonui o ngā pūoko ua waka – ko ēnei pūoko whatu, pūoko kaha rānei, e huna ana i muri i te matapihi o mua, ka taea te whakarite aunoa i te tere o te horoi kia rite ki te nui o te ua e taka ana ki te karaihe, ka nui ake te haumaru taraiwa i te rangi ua. Ko te mākete pūoko ua waka o te ao e whakahaerehia ana e ngā kaiwhakarato pēnei i a Kostar, Bosch, me Denso. Ko ēnei taputapu tino tika e tohu ana i te taumata matatau o te hangarau pūoko ua.
Te whakaputanga ahuwhenua me te rangahau taiao
Kāore e taea te wehe i te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua tika mai i te aroturukitanga o te ua i te tauine o te mara. Ka āwhina ngā raraunga ua i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakapai ake i ngā mahere whakamakuku, me te karo i te para wai me te whakarite kia tutukihia ngā hiahia wai o ngā hua. Ko ngā pūoko ua (pēnei i ngā ine ua kowiri tira) kei roto i ngā teihana matawhenua ahuwhenua me te ngahere he āhuatanga o te kaha ārai-waikura me te kounga āhua pai, ā, ka taea te mahi pumau i roto i te taiao ngahere mō te wā roa. I ngā wāhi pukepuke me ngā maunga, ka taea e te whatunga aroturuki ua kua tohatohahia te hopu i ngā rerekētanga ā-wāhi o te ua me te whakarato tohutohu ahuwhenua whaiaro mō ngā whenua rerekē. Kua tīmata ētahi pāmu matatau ki te ngana ki te hono i ngā raraunga ua ki ngā pūnaha whakamakuku aunoa kia tutuki ai te whakahaere wai atamai pono.
Ka whakawhirinaki hoki te rangahau waiora taiao ki ngā tirohanga ua kounga teitei. I roto i te rangahau i ngā pūnaha rauropi ngahere, ka taea e te aroturuki ua i roto i te ngahere te tātari i te pānga o te taupoki ki te ua. I roto i te tiakitanga o ngā repo, he mea nui ngā raraunga ua mō te tatau i te toenga wai; I roto i te mara o te tiaki oneone me te wai, he hononga tika ngā mōhiohio kaha o te ua ki te tika o ngā tauira horo oneone 17. I whakamahia e ngā kairangahau i te Rohe Awa Ha Tawhito o Haina ngā raraunga ine ua whenua hei aromatawai i te tika o ngā hua ua amiorangi pērā i te TRMM me te CMORPH, e whakarato ana i tētahi pūtake nui mō te whakapai ake i ngā rauropi matawai mamao. Kei te huri tēnei momo tikanga aroturuki "ātea-whenua" hei tauira hou i roto i te rangahau waiora taiao.
Ngā mara motuhake me ngā tono hou
Kua tīmata hoki te umanga hiko me te pūngao ki te aro nui ki te hiranga o te aroturuki i te ua. Ka whakamahia e ngā pāmu hau ngā raraunga ua hei aromatawai i te mōrearea o te hukapapa mata, ko ngā teihana hiko wai ia ka arotau i ā rātou mahere whakaputa hiko i runga i te matapae ua o te puna. Kua whakamahia te pūoko ine ua piezoelectric FT-Y1 ki roto i te pūnaha aroturuki taiao o ngā pāmu hau. Ko tōna whānuitanga pāmahana mahi mai i te -40 ki te 85℃ he tino pai mō te aroturuki roa i raro i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi kino.
He nui ngā tono a te ao rererangi mō te aroturuki i te ua. Mā te whatunga aroturuki ua huri noa i te ara rererangi e whakamana te haumaru o te rererangi, engari me mārama te wāhi whakarewatanga roketi ki te āhua o te ua kia pai ai te haumaru o te whakarewatanga. I roto i ēnei tono matua, ko ngā ine ua tino pono (pēnei i a Campbell TE525MM) e whiriwhiria ana hei pūoko matua. Ko te tika o te ±1% (i raro i te kaha o te ua ≤10mm/hr) me te hoahoa ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mowhiti ātete hau e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ahumahi tino pakari 10.
Kei te whakawhānui ake hoki ngā mara o te rangahau pūtaiao me te mātauranga i te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu aroturuki ua. Ka whakamahia ngā pūoko ua hei taputapu whakaako me te whakamātautau i roto i ngā kaupapa matua o te matawhenua, te wai me te pūtaiao taiao i roto i ngā kāreti me ngā kura tuarua hangarau hei āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te mārama ki te kaupapa o te ine ua. Ka akiakihia e ngā kaupapa pūtaiao ā-iwi te whai wāhi a te marea ki te tirotiro ua, ā, ka whakawhānui ake i te kapinga o te whatunga aroturuki mā te whakamahi i ngā ine ua iti te utu. Ka whakaatuhia mārama e te kaupapa mātauranga GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) i te United States ngā kaupapa me ngā whakamahinga o te hangarau aroturuki mamao ki ngā ākonga mā te tātari whakatairite i ngā raraunga amiorangi me te ua whenua.
I te whanaketanga o te Ipurangi o ngā Mea, ngā raraunga nui me ngā hangarau matauranga horihori, kei te whanake haere te aroturukitanga ua mai i te ine kotahi i te ua ki te tirohanga tahi maha-tawhā me te tautoko whakatau atamai. Ka honoa pai ake te pūnaha aroturuki ua ā muri ake nei ki ētahi atu pūoko taiao (pēnei i te haumākū, te tere o te hau, te makuku oneone, me ētahi atu) hei hanga i tētahi whatunga tirohanga taiao whānui, hei whakarato i te tautoko raraunga whānui me te tika mō te hapori tangata ki te aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi me ngā wero rauemi wai.
Te whakataurite i te tūnga o nāianei o te hangarau aroturuki hau o te ao ki ngā whenua
He mea nui te hangarau aroturuki hau, pērā i te aroturuki ua, i roto i te ao o te tirohanga taiao, ā, he mahi nui tāna i roto i te huringa āhuarangi o te ao, te haumaru ahumahi, te hauora tūmatanui me ētahi atu āhuatanga. I runga i ō rātou hanganga ahumahi, ngā kaupapa here taiao me ngā taumata hangarau, he rerekē ngā tauira whanaketanga o ngā whenua me ngā rohe i roto i te rangahau me te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau aroturuki hau. Hei whenua hanga nui me te pokapū auaha hangarau e tere haere ana te puta, kua tino angitu a Haina i roto i te rangahau me te whakawhanake me te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko hau. Ko te Hononga o Amerika, e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna kaha hangarau kaha me te pūnaha paerewa katoa, e mau tonu ana i te tūranga matua i roto i te hangarau aroturuki hau me ngā mara tono uara nui. Kei te whakatairanga ngā whenua Pākehā i te auahatanga o ngā hangarau aroturuki me ngā ture tiaki taiao tino pakari. Kei a Hapani me Kōrea ki te Tonga ngā tūranga nui i roto i ngā mara o ngā hikohiko kaihoko me ngā pūoko hau motuka.
Te Whakawhanaketanga me te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Aroturuki Hau i Haina
Kua tere haere te whanaketanga o te hangarau aroturuki hau o Haina i ngā tau tata nei, ā, kua tino kitea te ahunga whakamua i roto i ngā mara maha pērā i te haumaru ahumahi, te aroturuki taiao me te hauora hauora. Ko te aratohu kaupapa here he mea nui hei akiaki i te tere o te horapa o te mākete aroturuki hau o Haina. Ko te "Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Hanga Haumaru o ngā Matū Morearea" e kī ana kia whakatūria e ngā papa ahumahi matū he pūnaha aroturuki hau paitini me te whakatūpato wawe, me te whakatairanga i te hanganga o tētahi tūāpapa whakahaere mōrearea atamai. I raro i tēnei kaupapa here, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu aroturuki hau ā-whare i roto i ngā ahumahi morearea nui pērā i ngā matū hinu me ngā maina waro. Hei tauira, kua noho ko ngā taputapu kite hau paitini hiko me ngā taputapu kite hau mura infrared hei whirihoranga paerewa mō te haumaru ahumahi.
I roto i te mara o te aroturuki taiao, kua whakatūria e Haina te whatunga aroturuki kounga hau nui rawa atu o te ao, e kapi ana i te 338 ngā tāone taumata-rohe me runga ake puta noa i te motu. Ko te nuinga o tēnei whatunga e aroturuki ana i ngā tawhā e ono, arā, ko te SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, PM₂.₅ me te PM₁₀, ā, ko ngā mea tuatahi e whā he poke hau katoa. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga mai i te China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, tae noa ki te tau 2024, neke atu i te 1,400 ngā teihana aroturuki kounga hau taumata-motu, he taputapu tātari hau aunoa katoa. Ka wātea ngā raraunga wā-tūturu ki te marea mā te "National Urban Air Quality Real-time Release Platform". Mā tēnei kaha aroturuki nui me te kiato teitei ka whakaratohia he pūtake pūtaiao mō ngā mahi a Haina ki te aukati me te whakahaere i te poke hau.
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Wā tuku: Pipiri-11-2025