Whakarāpopototanga
Ko te raru o te rere me te paru tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki te mahi tuku me te roa o te oranga o te Kaupapa o Ngā Āwhā e Toru (TGP). He maha ngā huarahi kua whakamahia hei rangahau i ngā raru o te rere me te paru o te TGP i roto i tana whakaaturanga, whakamahere, hoahoa, hanganga me te whakahaere, ā, he maha ngā hua nui kua puta. Hei mārama ki te ahunga whakamua o te ine rere me te paru i roto i ngā kaupapa matua o Haina me te wheako o te tirotiro paru i roto i ngā puna wai tino nui, ko te ine rere me te paru o te TGP ka whakaurua nuitia ki roto i tēnei pepa. Kei roto ko te āhua whānui o te TGP, te tohatoha o te whatunga teihana wai, ngā āhuatanga ine, te hangarau ine hou, me ngā huringa paru i roto i te puna wai me te heke i muri i te tāpui o te TGP. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ine paru he pai te āhua taketake o ngā raru paru, ā, tera pea ka kohia, ka whanake, ka huri ēnei raru paru i roto i te wā, nō reira me aro tonu ki a rātou.
1 WHAKATAKI
Ko te Kaupapa Ngā Āwha e Toru (TGP) te kaupapa tiaki wai me te hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao. Kei Sandouping, Yichang City, Hubei Province te tāhuna, koinei te rārangi wehewehe i waenganui i te awaawa me te awa whakarunga o te awa matua o te Awa Yangtze. E whakahaere ana i te rohe rerenga wai o te 1 miriona km2, ā, ko te rahinga rerenga wai toharite ia tau e eke ana ki te 451,000 miriona m3. Me te kaha rokiroki waipuke o te 22.15 piriona mita pūtoru, he mahi nui tā te kaupapa ki te whakahaere waipuke o te awa o Yangtze. Me te taumata pupuri wai noa o te 175 m, ko te kaha rokiroki katoa o te puna wai he 39,300, ā, ko te 22,150 miriona m3 o taua kaha ko te kaha whakahaere waipuke. Ko te whanaketanga o te TGP e aro ana ki te aukati waipuke, te whakaputa hiko, me ngā painga kawe wai. Ka whakapai ake hoki i te taiao taiao. I roto i taua wā, i puta ngā painga whānui e pā ana ki te whakahaere waipuke, te whakatere, te whakaputa hiko, me te whakamahinga rauemi wai.
Hei wāhanga matua o te pūnaha whakahaere waipuke i ngā rohe waenga me raro o te Awa Yangtze, e whakahaere ana te TGP i te 96% o te rerenga wai ki te Awa Jingjiang, te wāhanga awa tino morearea i te wā waipuke, me te neke atu i te rua hautoru o te rerenga wai ki Wuhan. He mahi nui tā te TGP ki te whakaiti i ngā waipuke me te whakaiti i ngā waipuke nui i ngā rohe whakarunga o te Awa Yangtze. I te mutunga o Ākuhata, kua pupuri te tāhuna i te 180 piriona mita pūtoru o te wai i ngā wā waipuke. I kite i ngā rerenga wai neke atu i te 70,000 mita pūtoru ia hekona i te tau 2010, 2012, ā, i whakaitihia ngā tihi waipuke mā te 40%, he tino whakaiti i te pēhanga whakahaere waipuke i ngā rohe o raro. I ngā wā maroke, kua piki ake ngā tukunga wai ki te neke atu i te 5500 mita pūtoru ia hekona, e whakarato ana i te neke atu i te 20 piriona mita pūtoru o te wai ia tau mō ngā rohe waenga me raro o te Awa Yangtze.
Ko te tirotiro tauira i whakahaerehia hei tautoko i te rangahau parapara, te hanganga, me te whakahaere o te TGP i roto i ngā wā rerekē. I whakamahia ngā inenga tauira hei tātari i ngā rerekētanga o te rerenga wai me te kawenga parapara i roto i te awa matua o te Awa Yangtze, tae atu ki ngā huringa me te whanaketanga o te awaawa. Kei te whakaatuhia te tohatoha o ngā wāhi i te Pikitia 1. Ko ngā hua tirotiro o nāianei he rite tonu ki te wāhanga ako whaihua (Lu & Huang, 2013), engari nā te whakaiti i te parapara o runga me te hanganga o ngā puna wai i runga i te Awa Jinsha i muri i ngā tau 1990, he iti ake te parapara o te puna o Three Gorges (TGR) i mua, ka hua ake he kaha ake, he tawhiti ake hoki te horo o te awaawa i raro i te TGP.
2 TE HOAHOA ME TE PŪNAHA INE I TE WHATUNGA WAI
Hei kohikohi i ngā raraunga taketake me te whakarato ratonga mō te hanganga hangarau o te awaawa, kua āta whakatūria e te Komihana Rauemi Wai o Changjiang he maha o ngā teihana wai i te taha o te awa matua me ngā manga o te Awa Yangtze mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950. Tae rawa ki te tekau tau atu i 1990, kua tino whakatūria he whatunga teihana wai me te whatunga aroturuki paru. Kei roto ko te 118 ngā teihana wai me te neke atu i te 350 ngā teihana ine. Hei tāpiri, he nui ngā mahi rangahau awa me te tātari paru kua oti. Ko ngā raraunga tirotiro wai me te paru o ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei mō ngā whakatipuranga maha i whakarato i tētahi pūtake pūtaiao mō te whakaaturanga, te hoahoa, te hanganga, me te whakahaere o te TGP.
Ko te tirotiro tauira i whakahaerehia hei tautoko i te rangahau parataiao, te hanganga, me te whakahaere o te TGR i tētahi wā rerekē. Whai muri i te tīmatanga o te rokiroki o te puna wai i te tau 2003, i puta te raruraru parataiao i ngā rohe o runga me raro, ā, ko te tirotiro tauira me te rangahau parataiao e pā ana i whakahaerehia hei tautoko tika i te whakahaere o te TGP. Ko te whāinga tirotiro ko ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei: Te mātau ki ngā raraunga papamuri o te āhua o te awa taiao i mua i te tāpui katoa; Te whakamahi i te tohutoro mō te whakatau i te mahere tāpui ā-wāhanga; te aroturuki wā-tūturu i te rerekētanga o te horo me te whakatakotoranga i ngā rohe o runga me raro i muri i te tāpui, me te kimi i ngā raruraru, kia taea ai te mahi ārai i te wā tika; te whakamana i te hangarau whakatauira i whakamahia, me te whakanui ake i te pono o te matapae parataiao TGP.
Kei roto i te whānuitanga tirotiro tauira o te paru wai te rohe puna wai, te wāhi tāpua, me ngā rohe o raro. Mai i te tau 1949, i runga i te ine paru roa, te tirotiro awaawa, me te tūhuratanga me te rangahau, he maha ngā raraunga tirotiro tauira me ngā hua rangahau tātari kua kohia, nō reira kua tutuki te hiahia o te whakamahere, te hoahoa me te rangahau pūtaiao i te wāhanga tautuhi. Ko te wāhanga hanga he wā waenga hei whai i te wāhanga matua, ā, ko te roanga katoa o te hanganga he 17a, nō reira me tirotiro tonu te rerekētanga o te rerenga wai, te paru, me te āhua o te rohe. Ehara i te mea ka whakawhirinaki noa tēnei ki te hoahoa, te rangahau pūtaiao, te hanganga, me te whakahaere, engari ki te whakamana me te arotau i te hoahoa me te ture.
Ko ngā āhuatanga aro turuki ko te wai, te paru, me te whenua o te awaawa. Ko te kaupapa matua o te rangahau whenua o te awaawa ko te kimi i te auau o te whanaketanga o te awaawa ki te wai mata, te whakatakotoranga o te paru ki te puna wai, te horo i raro iho, me te whanaketanga o ngā pito matua i muri i te tāpuitanga o te TGP.
2 TE HOAHOA ME TE PŪNAHA INE I TE WHATUNGA WAI
Hei kohikohi i ngā raraunga taketake me te whakarato ratonga mō te hanganga hangarau o te awaawa, kua āta whakatūria e te Komihana Rauemi Wai o Changjiang he maha o ngā teihana wai i te taha o te awa matua me ngā manga o te Awa Yangtze mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950. Tae rawa ki te tekau tau atu i 1990, kua tino whakatūria he whatunga teihana wai me te whatunga aroturuki paru. Kei roto ko te 118 ngā teihana wai me te neke atu i te 350 ngā teihana ine. Hei tāpiri, he nui ngā mahi rangahau awa me te tātari paru kua oti. Ko ngā raraunga tirotiro wai me te paru o ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei mō ngā whakatipuranga maha i whakarato i tētahi pūtake pūtaiao mō te whakaaturanga, te hoahoa, te hanganga, me te whakahaere o te TGP.
Ko te tirotiro tauira i whakahaerehia hei tautoko i te rangahau parataiao, te hanganga, me te whakahaere o te TGR i tētahi wā rerekē. Whai muri i te tīmatanga o te rokiroki o te puna wai i te tau 2003, i puta te raruraru parataiao i ngā rohe o runga me raro, ā, ko te tirotiro tauira me te rangahau parataiao e pā ana i whakahaerehia hei tautoko tika i te whakahaere o te TGP. Ko te whāinga tirotiro ko ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei: Te mātau ki ngā raraunga papamuri o te āhua o te awa taiao i mua i te tāpui katoa; Te whakamahi i te tohutoro mō te whakatau i te mahere tāpui ā-wāhanga; te aroturuki wā-tūturu i te rerekētanga o te horo me te whakatakotoranga i ngā rohe o runga me raro i muri i te tāpui, me te kimi i ngā raruraru, kia taea ai te mahi ārai i te wā tika; te whakamana i te hangarau whakatauira i whakamahia, me te whakanui ake i te pono o te matapae parataiao TGP.
Kei roto i te whānuitanga tirotiro tauira o te paru wai te rohe puna wai, te wāhi tāpua, me ngā rohe o raro. Mai i te tau 1949, i runga i te ine paru roa, te tirotiro awaawa, me te tūhuratanga me te rangahau, he maha ngā raraunga tirotiro tauira me ngā hua rangahau tātari kua kohia, nō reira kua tutuki te hiahia o te whakamahere, te hoahoa me te rangahau pūtaiao i te wāhanga tautuhi. Ko te wāhanga hanga he wā waenga hei whai i te wāhanga matua, ā, ko te roanga katoa o te hanganga he 17a, nō reira me tirotiro tonu te rerekētanga o te rerenga wai, te paru, me te āhua o te rohe. Ehara i te mea ka whakawhirinaki noa tēnei ki te hoahoa, te rangahau pūtaiao, te hanganga, me te whakahaere, engari ki te whakamana me te arotau i te hoahoa me te ture.
Ko ngā āhuatanga aro turuki ko te wai, te paru, me te whenua o te awaawa. Ko te kaupapa matua o te rangahau whenua o te awaawa ko te kimi i te auau o te whanaketanga o te awaawa ki te wai mata, te whakatakotoranga o te paru ki te puna wai, te horo i raro iho, me te whanaketanga o ngā pito matua i muri i te tāpuitanga o te TGP.
He pūoko tere rere taumata wai radar mō ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā TAPUTAPU, ngā awa tuwhera, me ngā whatunga paipa o raro whenua, ka taea te aroturuki i ngā raraunga i te wā tūturu
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-04-2024