Ngā Tauira Whakamahinga o te Hauota Haukini, te Hauota Nitrate, te Hauota Katoa, me te Pūoko pH 4-i roto-i te-1 i roto i ngā Philippines

He whenua moutere a Philippines, he nui ngā rauemi wai, engari he maha hoki ngā wero nui mō te whakahaere i te kounga wai. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā whakamahinga o tētahi pūoko kounga wai 4-i-te-1 (e aroturuki ana i te hauota haukini, te hauota hauota, te hauota katoa, me te pH) puta noa i ngā rāngai rerekē i Philippines, tae atu ki te whakamakuku ahuwhenua, te tuku wai ā-rohe, te urupare ki ngā āhuatanga ohorere, me te tiaki taiao. Mā te tātari i ēnei āhuatanga o te ao tūturu, ka taea e tātou te mārama me pēhea te āwhina a tēnei hangarau pūoko whakauru i ngā Philippines ki te aro atu ki ngā wero whakahaere kounga wai, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te aroturuki, me te whakarato tautoko raraunga wā-tūturu mō te whakatau kaupapa.

Ngā Whakamārama me ngā Wero o te Aroturukitanga Kounga Wai i ngā Philippines

Hei whenua moutere neke atu i te 7,000 ngā moutere, e whakamanamana ana a Philippines ki ngā momo rauemi wai kanorau, tae atu ki ngā awa, ngā roto, ngā wai whenua, me ngā taiao moana whānui. Heoi, he wero motuhake kei te whenua mō te whakahaere kounga wai. Ko te tere o te noho tāone, ngā mahi ahuwhenua nui, te whanaketanga ahumahi, me ngā āhuatanga taiao maha (pēnei i ngā awhiowhio me ngā waipuke) he tūmomo mōrearea nui ki te kounga o ngā rauemi wai. I runga i tēnei horopaki, ko ngā taputapu aroturuki kounga wai whakauru pēnei i te pūoko 4-i-te-1 (e ine ana i te hauota haukini, te hauota hauota nitrate, te hauota katoa, me te pH) kua noho hei taputapu nui mō te whakahaere kounga wai i Philippines.

He rerekētanga ā-rohe ngā take kounga wai i ngā Philippines. I ngā rohe ahuwhenua nui, pērā i a Central Luzon me ētahi wāhanga o Mindanao, kua piki ake ngā taumata o ngā matū hauota (ina koa ko te hauota haukini me te hauota nitrate) i roto i ngā wai. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka eke te ngaronga o te haukini mai i te urea i runga i te mata i ngā mara raihi o Philippines ki te 10%, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te tongi me te whai wāhi atu ki te parahanga wai. I ngā tāone nui pērā i a Metro Manila, ko te parahanga o te konganuku taumaha (ina koa ko te mata) me te parahanga moroiti he āwangawanga nui i roto i ngā pūnaha wai ā-tāone. I ngā rohe i pāngia e ngā āhuatanga taiao pērā i a Typhoon Haiyan i Tacloban City, nā te pakaru o ngā pūnaha tuku wai i parahanga te paru o ngā puna wai inu, ka piki ake te maha o ngā mate korere.

He maha ngā herenga o ngā tikanga aroturuki kounga wai tuku iho i roto i ngā Philippines. Ko te tātari taiwhanga me kohikohi tauira me te kawe ki ngā taiwhanga pokapū, he mea e pau ana te wā me te utu nui, inā koa mō ngā moutere tūmatanui. Hei tāpiri, kāore e taea e ngā taputapu aroturuki kotahi-tawhā te whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui o te kounga wai, engari ko te whakamahi i ngā taputapu maha i te wā kotahi ka piki ake te uaua o te pūnaha me ngā utu tiaki. Nō reira, ko ngā pūoko whakauru e kaha ana ki te aroturuki i ngā tawhā matua maha i te wā kotahi he uara motuhake mō ngā Philippines.

He tohu nui ngā hauota haukini, te hauota hauota pākawa, te hauota katoa, me te pH hei aromatawai i te hauora o te wai. Ko te hauota haukini te takenga mai i ngā rerenga ahuwhenua, ngā paru o te whare, me ngā paru ahumahi, ā, he nui ngā kukū e paitini tika ana ki ngā mea ora o te wai. Ko te hauota pākawa, te hua whakamutunga o te waikura hauota, he tūponotanga hauora pēnei i te blue baby syndrome ina horomia nuitia. Ko te hauota katoa e whakaata ana i te kawenga hauota katoa i roto i te wai, ā, he tohu matua mō te aromatawai i ngā tūponotanga o te eutrophication. I taua wā, ka pā te pH ki te huringa o ngā momo hauota me te wairewa o ngā konganuku taumaha. I raro i te āhuarangi pārūrū o Philippines, ka tere ake ngā tukanga pirau rauropi me te huringa hauota i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, he mea nui te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu o ēnei tawhā.

Ko ngā painga hangarau o ngā pūoko 4-i-te-1 kei roto i tō rātou hoahoa whakauru me ngā āheinga aroturuki wā-tūturu. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā pūoko takitahi-tawhā tuku iho, ka whakaratohia e ēnei taputapu ngā raraunga i te wā kotahi mō ngā tawhā e pā ana, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te aroturuki me te whakaatu i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tawhā. Hei tauira, ka pā tika ngā huringa pH ki te taurite i waenga i ngā iona ammonia (NH₄⁺) me te ammonia kore utu (NH₃) i roto i te wai, ā, koia nei te whakatau i te mōrearea o te mimiti ammonia. Mā te aroturuki ngātahi i ēnei tawhā, ka taea te whakatutuki i tētahi aromatawai whānui ake o te kounga wai me ngā mōrearea parahanga.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi ahurei o Philippines, me whakaatu e ngā pūoko 4-i-te-1 te kaha ki te urutau ki te taiao. Ka pāngia te pumau me te roa o te ora o ngā pūoko e te pāmahana teitei me te haumākū, ko te ua pinepine ka puta he huringa ohorere o te paru wai, ka whakararuraru i te tika o ngā pūoko whatu. Nō reira, ko ngā pūoko 4-i-te-1 e whakamahia ana i Philippines me whai utu pāmahana, he hoahoa ārai-parauri koiora, me te ātete ki te ru me te urunga mai o te wai kia tu atu ai i te taiao moutere pārūrū matatini o te whenua.

Ngā tono i roto i te aroturukitanga wai whakamakuku ahuwhenua

Hei whenua ahuwhenua, ko te raihi te hua matua nui rawa atu o Philippines, ā, he mea nui te whakamahinga tika o te tongi hauota mō te whakaputa raihi. Mā te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko kounga wai 4-i roto-i-te-1 i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamakuku o Philippines ka tautoko hangarau pakari mō te whakamakuku tika me te whakahaere parahanga kore-ira. Mā te aroturuki i te hauota haukini, te hauota hauota, te hauota katoa, me te pH i roto i te wai whakamakuku i te wā tonu, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu me ngā tohunga ahuwhenua te whakahaere i te whakamahinga tongi mā te pūtaiao, te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga hauota, me te ārai i te paru o te wai ahuwhenua ki ngā wai huri noa.

Te Whakahaere Hauota o te Mara Raihi me te Whakapai Ake i te Whai Hua o te Tongi

I raro i te āhuarangi pārūrū o ngā Philippines, ko te urea te tongi hauota e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā māra raihi. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka taea e te ngaronga o te haukini mai i te urea e whakamahia ana i runga i te mata o ngā māra raihi o Philippines te eke ki te 10%, he hononga tata ki te pH o te wai whakamakuku. Ina piki ake te pH o te wai māra raihi ki runga ake i te 9 nā te mahi a te rimurimu, ka noho te urea haukini hei ara nui mō te ngaronga o te hauota, ahakoa i roto i ngā oneone waikawa. Ka āwhina te pūoko 4-i-te-1 i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakatau i te wā me ngā tikanga tongi pai mā te aroturuki i te pH me ngā taumata hauota haukini i te wā tūturu.

Kua whakamahia e ngā kairangahau ahuwhenua o Piripīni ngā pūoko 4-i-te-1 hei whakawhanake i te "hangarau whakatakoto hohonu e peia ana e te wai" mō ngā maniua hauota. Ka whakapai ake tēnei tikanga i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga hauota mā te whakahaere pūtaiao i ngā āhuatanga wai o te mara me ngā tikanga whakamomona. Ko ngā mahi matua ko: te whakamutu i te whakamakuku i ētahi rā i mua i te whakamomona kia maroke paku te oneone, te tāpiri i te urea ki te mata, kātahi ka whakamakuku mārire hei āwhina i te hauota kia uru ki te paparanga oneone. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga pūoko ka taea e tēnei tikanga te tuku neke atu i te 60% o te hauota urea ki roto i te paparanga oneone, ka whakaiti i ngā ngaronga hau me te rerenga wai, me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga hauota mā te 15–20%.

I roto i ngā whakamātautau mara i Central Luzon mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko 4-i roto i te 1, i kitea ngā āhuatanga hauota i raro i ngā tikanga whakamomona rerekē. I roto i te whakamahinga mata tuku iho, i tuhia e ngā pūoko he pikinga koi o te hauota haukini i roto i ngā rā 3-5 i muri i te whakamomona, ā, i muri mai ka heke tere. He rerekē, nā te whakanoho hohonu i hua ake ai he tukunga āta haere me te roa o te hauota haukini. I whakaatuhia hoki e ngā raraunga pH he iti ake ngā pikinga o te pH o te paparanga wai me te whakanoho hohonu, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea o te mimiti haukini. Nā ēnei kitenga wā-tūturu i whakarato he aratohu pūtaiao mō te arotau i ngā tikanga whakamomona.

Aromatawai i te Utaina Parahanga o te Waikeri Whakamakuku

He nui ngā wero mō ngā rohe ahuwhenua kaha o Philippines ki te parahanga kore-pūtake, inā koa te parahanga hauota mai i te waikeri raihi. Ka aroturuki tonu ngā pūoko 4-i-te-1 i whakanohoia ki roto i ngā awaawa waikeri me ngā wai whiwhi i ngā rerekētanga hauota hei aromatawai i te pānga taiao o ngā mahi ahuwhenua rerekē. I roto i tētahi kaupapa aroturuki i te Porowini o Bulacan, i tuhia e ngā whatunga pūoko he 40–60% teitei ake te kawenga hauota katoa i roto i te waikeri whakamakuku i te wā ua ki te whakaritea ki te wā maroke. Nā ēnei kitenga i ārahi ngā rautaki whakahaere matūkai o te wā.

He mahi nui anō hoki tā ngā pūoko 4-i-te-1 i roto i ngā kaupapa pūtaiao ā-iwi i ngā hapori tuawhenua o Philippines. I roto i tētahi rangahau i Barbaza, Antique Province, i mahi tahi ngā kairangahau me ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe ki te aromatawai i te kounga o te wai mai i ngā puna rerekē mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko kawe 4-i-te-1. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ahakoa i tutuki te wai puna i ngā paerewa pH me ngā paerewa totoka rewa katoa, i kitea te parahanga hauota (te hauota nitrate te nuinga), e hono ana ki ngā mahi whakatō kai tata. Nā ēnei kitenga i akiaki te hapori ki te whakarerekē i te wā me ngā tere whakatō kai, me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea parahanga wai whenua.

*Ripanga: Whakataurite i ngā Whakamahinga Pūoko 4-i-te-1 i roto i ngā Pūnaha Ahuwhenua Rerekē o Piripīni

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